1. Chapter 8 The Rise of Europe

2. I. The Early Middle Ages Germanic Kingdoms Germanic Kingdoms A. Franks 1. Clovis – king of the Franks 2. Conquered former Roman province of Gaul B. Muslims 1. Religion of Islam – from Arabia 2. Battle of Tours in 732 (Christians defeat Muslims) 3. Christians won – they thought the victory was a sign that God was on their side 4. Muslim advancement into Western Europe was halted

3. Geography of Western Europe Europe Europe Second Smallest Continent in the world Second Smallest Continent in the world Huge impact on Modern World Huge impact on Modern World Resources Resources Frontier Land Frontier Land Forests, Fertile Soil, Rich Minerals Forests, Fertile Soil, Rich Minerals

4. I. The Early Middle Ages King Clovis King Clovis Converted to Christianity Converted to Christianity Gained a powerful ally in the church Gained a powerful ally in the church Age of Charlemagne Age of Charlemagne 1. Charles the Great 2. Germanic leader 3. Helped the Roman Catholic church by crushing a rebellion of nobles 4. Pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans 5. This created two emperors of the Roman Empire 6. He set out to revive Latin learning in his empire. 7. A strong efficient government helped unite Charlemagne’s empire. 8. To ensure a supply of educated officials, Charlemagne set up a palace school at Aachen.

5. I. The Early Middle Ages After Charlemagne After Charlemagne New wave of Invasions 1. Muslims – continued to attack Christians until the 900’s when power struggles erupted in the Middle East. Despite the fact that Christians viewed Muslims with hostility, they learned from Muslim learning. 2. Magyars – from what is today Hungary, overran Eastern Europe, Germany, France, and Italy 3. Vikings – Traders and Explorers who snapped last threads of unity in Charlemagne’s empire. Came from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark – Scandinavia Came from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark – Scandinavia Leif Erikson – Viking who set up a short-lived colony on North America Leif Erikson – Viking who set up a short-lived colony on North America

6. II. Feudalism and the Manor Economy Feudalism – loosely organized system of rule. Feudalism – loosely organized system of rule. Vassals – lesser lord who pledged service and loyalty to a greater lord in exchange for land. Vassals – lesser lord who pledged service and loyalty to a greater lord in exchange for land. Knight – mounted warriors Knight – mounted warriors Chivalry – a code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their words; it governed relations between noblewomen and noblemen Chivalry – a code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their words; it governed relations between noblewomen and noblemen Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service Manor – lord’s estate Manor – lord’s estate Manor economy was based on farming and self-sufficiency Manor economy was based on farming and self-sufficiency Serf – peasant who was bound to the land; made up the largest part of the population Serf – peasant who was bound to the land; made up the largest part of the population

7. Feudalism evolved in response to a need for protection Feudalism evolved in response to a need for protection Feudalism – System of rule in which powerful lords divided their land among lesser lords (vassals). In return, lesser lords pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. This would become known as the Feudal Contract. Feudalism – System of rule in which powerful lords divided their land among lesser lords (vassals). In return, lesser lords pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. This would become known as the Feudal Contract.

8. Who gets what? Mutual Obligations Greater Lord receives – Greater Lord receives – Loyalty from vassal Loyalty from vassal 40 days of military service 40 days of military service Money payments Money payments Advice Advice Lesser Lord (Vassal) receives – Lesser Lord (Vassal) receives – Fief – This would include land as well as peasants to work the land. Fief – This would include land as well as peasants to work the land.

9. Nobles Warfare is a way of life Warfare is a way of life Because of this, knighthood arose. Because of this, knighthood arose.

10. Knighthood Seven years old begins training. Seven years old begins training. Training was difficult and discipline was strict. Training was difficult and discipline was strict. Blow or severe beating. Blow or severe beating. When Feudal Warfare decreased, Knights were used for tournaments. When Feudal Warfare decreased, Knights were used for tournaments.

11. Castles Fortified homes to withstand attack Fortified homes to withstand attack Contained barriers such as a moat, water ditches, wooden tower, fenced in, knights protecting them. Contained barriers such as a moat, water ditches, wooden tower, fenced in, knights protecting them. Advanced Castles would have all of the above plus high walls and drawbridges Advanced Castles would have all of the above plus high walls and drawbridges Wars were started to seize castles. Wars were started to seize castles.

12. Noblewomen Played an active role in the warrior society. Played an active role in the warrior society. Women’s rights to inheritance were extremely restricted Women’s rights to inheritance were extremely restricted Land passed to eldest son Land passed to eldest son Women were expected to know how to spin, weave and supervise servants. Women were expected to know how to spin, weave and supervise servants.

13. Noblewomen Marriages were arranged Marriages were arranged Expected to bear many children Expected to bear many children

14. Chivalry Code of conduct for Noblemen and Noblewomen Code of conduct for Noblemen and Noblewomen Noblewomen Noblewomen Called for women to be protected and cherished Called for women to be protected and cherished Knights (Noblemen) Knights (Noblemen) Must fight fairly in war Must fight fairly in war Required to be brave, loyal and true to their word Required to be brave, loyal and true to their word

15. Peasants and Manor Life The manor economy was based on farming and self-sufficent The manor economy was based on farming and self-sufficent Peasants never ventured far from manor Peasants never ventured far from manor Not Slaves Not Slaves Peasants produced almost everything they needed Peasants produced almost everything they needed Food, clothing, simple furniture and tools Food, clothing, simple furniture and tools

16. III. The Medieval Church The Church and medieval life The Church and medieval life 1. Sacraments – sacred rights of the church that led to salvation according Christian beliefs 2. The church held great power over people during the Middle Ages because it decided who could achieve salvation 3. Tithe – church required Christians to pay a tithe (tax) 4. Benedictine Rule – rules to regulate monastic life (life in a Monastary) – three vows of obedience, poverty, and Chastity or purity.

17. III. The Medieval Church Power of the Church Grows Power of the Church Grows 1. secular – worldly 2. Canon law – church’s own body of laws 3. Canon law applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, morals 4. excommunication – what happened when you severely disobeyed the church. The excommunicated could not receive the sacraments or receive a Christian burial.

18. III. The Medieval Church Reform Movement Reform Movement 1. Cluniac reforms a. Abbot Berno of Cluny – a monastary in Eastern France – wanted to end church corruption and abuses b. Simony – selling of church offices 2. Jews in Europe a. Jews could be found all across Europe b. Antisemitism – prejudice against Jews. c. Jews lived side by side in relative peace with Christians

19. IV. Economic Expansion and Change Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution 1. New Technologies – Iron plow, New kind of harness to use with horses, windmills to grind grain into flour. 2. These new agricultural technologies led to increased food production 3. Three Field System – plant one field w/ grain, the second with legumes (beans or peas), the third allowed to remain fallow or unplanted. 4. This allowed peasants to produce more crops

20. IV. Economic Expansion and Change Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution 1. Capital – money for investment 2. New Business practices – Merchants joined together to form partnerships 3. Bill of exchange – deposit money with banker at home, receive Bill of exchange that could be exchanged for cash in a distant city. Now could travel without gold coins 4. The most important activity in a medieval town was trade. 5. Tenant farmer – someone who paid rent for their land. 6. Middle class – class between nobles and peasants

21. IV. Economic Expansion and Change Guilds – made up of merchants and artisans Guilds – made up of merchants and artisans 1. Merchant guild – dominated economic and political life in medieval towns. a. Passed laws b. Levied taxes 2. Apprentice – trainee 3. Journeyman – salaried workers who worked for guild members