1. Basic Chemistry

2. Atom I. Atom—the building block of matter; the smallest unit of an element; Made up of: A. Nucleus—which contains: 1. protons—positive charge 2. neutrons—no charge (neutral) B. Energy levels—which contain: 3. electrons—negative charge

3. *The # of protons makes it a specific element! *The # of P+ and e- should be equal if there’s no charge on atom. Atomic Structure Atomic #=protonsMass #=P + N *The # of protons makes it a specific element! *The # of P+ and e- should be equal if there’s no charge on atom.

4. How many electrons can each level hold? Energy LevelElectron Capacity 1 st 2 2 nd 8 3 rd 18 4 th 32

5. Element II. Element—pure substance made up of only ONE kind of atom; found on periodic table Ex: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, gold *Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Ex: C 12, C 13 (carbon-12, carbon-13) Periodic Table of the Elements SONG

6. Compound III. Compound—atoms of two or more different elements combined chemically *Elements in a compound do NOT retain their properties.

7. A. Atoms with full outer energy levels (usually 8 electrons) are STABLE. B. Atoms without full outer energy levels are UNSTABLE and may form compounds.

8. C. Molecule—the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound Ex: H 2 0 is one molecule of water.

9. Chemical bonds IV. Chemical bonds —hold atoms together chemically Main Types of Chemical Bonds: A. Ionic—formed by TRANSFER of electrons Ex: NaCl (table salt) is an ionic compound. *ion—a charged atom Ex: Na +

10. Ionic Compound Diagram

11. Covalent B. Covalent—formed by SHARING of electrons; these are found in most life substances Ex: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) is a covalent compound.

12. Covalent Compound Diagram

13. V. Chemical Reactions—are represented by a chemical equation Ex: 2Na + Cl 2 → 2NaCl Reactants → Products

14. Mixture VI. Mixture—combination in which substances retain their own individual properties evenly distributed Ex: A solution is a mixture in which one substance is evenly distributed in another. solute ex: Koolaid powder solvent ex: water