1. Net Displacement = Stokes Drift (covariance between tide and current) Net transport after one period (cycle) Direction of propagation Animation from GREEN EARTH WORLD POWER (gewp.org) Tidal Residuals in Homogeneous Systems

2. x z Residual set-up

3. x y Gradients in tidal flow (over triangular bottom) From tides and currents Residual slope

4. x y Theoretical results over simplified bathymetry

5. long channel short channel Li and O’Donnell (2005, JPO, 1826)

6. Tidal Residuals in Homogeneous Systems z δ=4L/λ < 0.6-0.7 δ=4L/λ > 0.6-0.7

7. St Augustine Inlet St. Augustine Inlet location and cross- section of net exchange flow pattern. Red and yellow shades indicate regions of net outflow while blue shades denote regions of inflow. IN OUT OUT Examples of Tidal Residuals Influenced by Bathymetry in a Short Channel

8. Spring Tides Neap Tides IN OUT Ensenada de la Paz

9. Fortnightly modulation of tidal residuals in Ensenada de la Paz

10. Fortnightly modulation of tidal residuals in San Quintín Bay

11. Example of Tidal Residuals Influenced by Bathymetry in a Long Channel (Basin) Chacao Channel Tidal currents >3.5 m/s

12. Outflow in channels; inflow over shoals Caceres et al. (2003)

13. Nondim. depth Nondimensional distance across Winant (2008, JPO) Tidal residual flow with rotation IN OUT

14. Winant (2008, JPO) z y x y

15. Curvature Effects PG = Pressure Gradient CF = Centrifugal Force

16. Max ebb End ebb Max flood End flood Example: Geyer and Signell (1990, JGR, 95, 3189)

18. [ March 9 - April 13, 2001 ] Example of Gulf of Fonseca

19. Geyer (1993, JGR, 98, 955) Examples of Curvature Effects in the Vertical Plane