1. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

2. An organic compound is one that contains carbon. Carbon is unique.  It has 4 electrons in its valence shell (1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 )  Carbon always forms 4 covalent bonds.  Carbon demonstrates catenation: the ability to bond with itself in long chains ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

3. Organic compounds are found in medicines, cosmetics, and food.  Some drugs are made of relatively small organic molecules (like aspirin)  Other drugs, like insulin (a hormone), are made of complex protein molecules. Some of these are produced naturally, some are synthesized in labs. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

4. Hydrocarbons are another type of organic molecule. A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon.  The carbon to carbon bond can be single, double, or triple. The bonds are always nonpolar. HYDROCARBONS

5. The simplest hydrocarbons are alkanes  All carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds  All other bonds are carbon-hydrogen Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. That is they have as many hydrogen as possible. ALKANES

6.  Alkenes are hydrocarbons with at least one double carbon to carbon bond.  The alkenes are unsaturated with respect to hydrogen This means they do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as they would if they were alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons). ALKENES

7.  Ripe fruit emits ethene or ethylene gas, which will act on unripe fruit to ripen it. Thus, a ripe tomato placed in a sealed bag with green tomatoes will help ripen them. ALKENES

8.  An alkyne is a hydrocarbon with at least one carbon to carbon triple bond.  The alkynes are also unsaturated. (they have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms) ALKYNES

9. Hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms and the family. NAMING HYDROCARBONS

10. FamilyEnding Type of Bond Example Alkanes -ane single (Ethane, C 2 H 6 ) Alkenes -ene double (Ethene, C 2 H 4 ) Alkynes -yne triple (Ethyne, C 2 H 2 ) NAMING HYDROCARBONS

12. Natural gas is composed of the following alkanes: 80% CH 4 10% C 2 H 6 4% C 3 H 8 2% C 4 H 10 and 4% nitrogen and other hydrocarbons

13. Due to the presence of double and triple bonds, the unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive: they can undergo more reactions than saturated hydrocarbons. SATURATED VS UNSATURATED

14. Structurally, double and triple bonds are more rigid than single bonds.  Alkynes (triple bond between carbons) tend to be rod-like. A saturated hydrocarbon with only single bonds is more flexible  Alkanes (single bonds) frequently form branched or even cyclical compounds SATURATED VS UNSATURATED

15. CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 2 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF HYDROCARBONS

16. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain another element or group of elements called a functional group. CH 3 CH 2 OHAlcoholEthanol CH 2 OAldehydeFormaldhyde CH 3 COOHOrganic acidAcetic acid HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

17. A polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeated smaller molecules. POLYMERS

18. PLASTICS are synthetic (man- made) organic polymers. Many are composed of petroleum products (hydrocarbons). Polyethylene, nylon and kevlar are organic polymer plastics. SYNTHETIC ORGANIC POLYMERS

19. Nucleic acids and proteins are two other types of organic polymers. These are naturally occurring, rather than synthetic. NATURAL POLYMERS

20. Polyethylene: H H H H H H - C – C – C –C – C – C – H H H H H H Polyvinylchloride: H Cl H Cl H Cl - C – C – C –C – C – C – H H H H H H DIFFERENT POLYMERS CAN BE MADE BY ADDING SIDE CHAINS OR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO THE BASE CHAIN.

21. H H H H O H O H O -C – C – C –C – C – C – H H H H H H POLYVINYL ALCOHOL

22. A cross linker moves between 2 polymers and connects the middle of the polymer chains. ADDITION OF A CROSS LINKER: