1. Chapter 12: Support for Object- Oriented Programming Lecture # 18

2. Chapter 12 Topics Object-Oriented Programming Design Issues for OOP Languages Support for OOP in C# Implementation of Object-Oriented Constructs Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 2

3. Object-Oriented Programming Abstract data types. Inheritance.  Inheritance is the central theme in OOP and languages that support it. Polymorphism. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 3

4. Inheritance Inheritance allows new classes defined in terms of existing ones, i.e., by allowing them to inherit common parts. Inheritance addresses reuse ADTs after minor changes and define classes in a hierarchy. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 4

5. Object-Oriented Concepts (cont.) Inheritance can be complicated by access controls to encapsulated entities.  A class can hide entities from its subclasses.  A class can hide entities from its clients. Besides inheriting methods as is, a class can modify an inherited method.  The new one overrides the inherited one.  The method in the parent is overridden. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 5

6. Single vs. Multiple Inheritance. One disadvantage of inheritance for reuse:  Creates inter-dependencies among classes that complicate maintenance. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 6 Object-Oriented Concepts (cont.)

7. Design Issues for OOP Languages Single and Multiple Inheritance. Object Allocation and DeAllocation. Dynamic and Static Binding. Nested Classes. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 7

8. Support for OOP in C# General characteristics:  Support for OOP similar to Java.  Includes both classes and structs.  Classes are similar to Java’s classes.  structs are less powerful stack-dynamic constructs (e.g., no inheritance). Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 8

9. Support for OOP in C# (cont.) Inheritance  Uses the syntax of C++ for defining classes.  A method inherited from parent class can be replaced in the derived class by marking its definition with new.  The parent class version can still be called explicitly with the prefix base: base.Draw(); Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 9

10. Support for OOP in C# (cont.) Dynamic binding:  To allow dynamic binding of method calls to methods: The base class method is marked virtual. The corresponding methods in derived classes are marked override.  Abstract methods are marked abstract and must be implemented in all subclasses.  All C# classes are ultimately derived from a single root class, Object. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 10

11. Support for OOP in C# (cont.) //Program that introduces virtual method in C# using System; class A { public virtual void Test() { Console.WriteLine("A.Test"); } } class B : A { public override void Test() { Console.WriteLine("B.Test"); } } class Program { static void Main() { A ref1 = new A(); ref1.Test(); A ref2 = new B(); ref2.Test(); } } //Output: A.Test B.Test Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 11

12. Implementing OO Constructs Two interesting and challenging parts:  Storage structures for instance variables.  Dynamic binding of messages to methods. Chapter 12: Support for Object-Oriented Programming 12