1. The study of YOU from the womb to the tomb. We are going to study how we change physically, socially, cognitively, and morally over our lifetimes. Developmental Psychology

2. Developmental Psychology: studies how people are continually developing- physically, cognitively, & socially- from infancy thru old age 3 major issues –Nature and nurture: how our genes & environment influence development –Continuity & stages: is development gradual or does it happen in separate stages –Stability & Change: do we stay the same or become different people as we age? What is developmental psych?

3. Major Stages of Development Stages –Prenatal Development & the Newborn –Infancy & Childhood –Adolescence –Adulthood

4. Conception Women born w/ all eggs they will have Men are nonstop sperm factories 1 sperm makes it, welcomed into egg, fuse together less than half of fertilized eggs make it past 2 weeks  Congratulations!!! You are 1 in 200 million

5. Prenatal Development Zygote: conception to 2 weeks –The fertilized egg –2 week period of cell division (“I’ll be the brain,” “I’ll be the heart…”) –10 days-zygote attaches to uterine wall until birth Embryo: 2 weeks to 2 months –Organs begin to form & function –Heart starts beating

6. Fetus & Placenta Fetus: 9 weeks to birth –At 6 months organs have developed enough to allow premature baby chance to survive –Can hear sounds (mother’s voice is favorite…sorry daddy) & respond to light Placenta: transfers nutrients & oxygen from mother to fetus –Tries to filter out harmful substances

7. Teratogens Teratogens: substances that can harm the fetus –Drugs, smoking, alcohol, viruses, stds –Fetus experiences same or worse Fetal Alcohol Syndrome –Affects 1 in 800 infants –Affects central nervous system –At risk for birth defects & intellectual disabilities –Fun Fact 1 & 2

8. Controversy How do you think the criminal justice system should deal with mothers who abuse drugs during pregnancy? *5 minute group discussion

9. Childbirth Click the woman in labor to watch a birthing video. Please be aware that it is graphic….beautiful but can be difficult to watch. Fun Fact #4! Fun Fact #3!

10. APGAR TEST Test given within 1-5 minutes after baby is born A=activity or muscle tone, muscle movements are measured P=Pulse. Babies should have heart rate of 100 beats/minute G=Grimace or reflex irritability, active babies sneeze/cough during suctioning in nose & mouth A=Appearance, doctors look for normal skin color, pale or blue/gray is not good R=Respiration, babies should be crying & breathing Fun Fact #5

11. Habituation Can babies see? Hear? Smell? Think? – research to figure this out (eye tracking machines…) – Fun Fact #6 Habituation: decrease in responding with repeated stimuli – Baby gets “bored” – Babies see faces (dog/cat, hybrid) – Ex: scary movies – Fun Fact #7

12. Brain Development Fun Fact #8 Ages 3-6 the most rapid growth is in frontal lobes (control attention & behavior) Association Areas (linked to thinking, memory, language) are last to develop Maturation: Physical growth, regardless of environment – the timing of our growth may be different, but the sequence is almost always the same – Fun Fact #9

13. Motor Development Sequence is universal, –ex: roll over before sit up, crawl before walk –Connected to nervous system maturing Fun Fact #10 Fun Fact #11 Fun Fact #12 Parents should expect potty training until baby is ready (24-27 months)

14. Put these Motor & Verbal Abilities in Order 2 months: turns head to follow moving objects 9 months: sits alone for 1 minute, says “DaDa” 1 yr: walks while holding on to something 1yr 3mo: walks alone, says several words 1yr 6mo: climbs stairs, says many words 2 yrs: runs, uses simple word combinations 3 yrs: puts on shoes 4 yrs: laces shoes 5 yrs: names penny, nickel, and dime 6 yrs: describes the difference between a bird and a dog 7 yrs: tells time to quarter hour 8 yrs: tells how a baseball & orange and an airplane & kite are alike

15. Reflexes Inborn automatic responses – Babinski – Moro – Plantar – Swimming – Stepping Click on pictures to see clips of reflexes.

16. Sensory Development & Memory Most sensory development occurred as fetus (touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight) Memory –Fun Fact #13 –Experiment tying child’s foot to mobile=babies capable of learning!

17. Cognitive Development It was thought that kids were just stupid versions of adults. Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating Then came along JEAN PIAGET – Kids learn differently than adults – People develop in stages

18. Schemas Right now in your head, picture a model. These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model. But does this one? the maturing brain builds schemas- concepts that organize & interpret information Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us. It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.

19. Assimilation & Accommodation Assimilation: we learn new things by interpreting them in terms of our current understandings We also adjust, or accommodate, our schemas to incorporate new experiences

20. Example When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs. This is assimilation People around them will say, no, that's not a dog, it's a cat. The schema for dog then gets modified to restrict it to only certain four-legged animals That is accommodation.

21. Example A child believes that "All furry four legged animals are dogs". He sees a breed of dog that he's never seen before and says, "That's a dog." That's assimilation. Then the child sees a raccoon (or a cat, squirrel whatever) and the child says, "That's a dog." But his parents tell him it isn't a dog, it's a raccoon. So the child accommodates, "Not all furry four legged animals are dogs, some are raccoons."

22. Sensorimotor Stage Birth to 2 yrs old Babies take in the world through their senses Object Permanence: the awareness that objects continue to exist when they don’t see them –Covering toy Stranger Anxiety: around 8 months, babies fear strangers, –cry b/c they have a schema for familiar faces –cannot assimilate the new faces into this schema Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.

23. Preoperational Stage 2 to 6-7 yrs old Have object permanence Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas Egocentrism: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own Click the boy to see kids with egocentrism.

24. Concrete Operational Stage 6-7 to 11 yrs old Can demonstrate concept of conservation – Conservation: the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance (part of logical thinking). Math transformations –4+8=12 –12-4=8

25. Formal Operational Stage 12 yrs to adulthood Reasoning goes from concrete (real experiences) to Abstract Logic (you can imagine it) Solving hypothetical situations & predict consequences Not every adult gets to this stage Potential for Moral Reasoning