1. AP Biology Chapters 5.1-5.5

2. ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds

3. Organic chemistry Study of carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks 4 valence electrons = ability for 4 covalent bonds

4. Combinations of C & H Stable, non-polar molecule Capable of forming large molecules

5. All important molecules that make up living organisms fall into one of four categories Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

6. Carbs, Proteins, N.A. are made of chain-like repeating units Monomers M + M = Polymer Make polymers through dehydration Break down polymers through hydrolysis

7. Sugars and polymers of sugars General Functions: Store short term energy Cellular antennae

8. Monosaccharides: Simple sugar molecule Provide short term energy Disaccharides: Two sugar molecule Polysaccharide: Complex starch molecules Stores short term energy

9. Plants Starch: energy source Cellulose: cell walls Animals Glycogen: energy source Chitin: exoskeletons

10. The smallest of the macromolecules Not a true polymer Glycerol head Fatty acid tail General Functions: Long term energy Insulation

12. Cell Membranes Phospholipids Cholesterol Animals Hormones

13. 3-Dimensional polymers Monomers: amino acids General Function: build/repair tissue

14. Primary Structure Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure 2-D alpha sheet Tertiary Structure R-group interaction Quaternary Structure Multiple polypeptide

15. Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions Organism  Organelle Structures: Cell membrane component Cell Cycle: Regulate cell division/replication

16. Most important macromolecule for biotic existence Monomers: nucleotides General Functions: Encode, Transmit, and Express genetic information

17. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Stranded Nitrogen Bases A,C,T,G Found in the nucleus Unique blueprint for an individual Ribonucleic Acid Single Stranded Nitrogen Bases A,C,U,G Found throughout the cell Transmits genetic information

18. Gene Expression: DNA encodes the instructions for protein synthesis