1. Abydos By Mahmoud Amer INSPECTOR OF ANTIQUITIES OF ABYDOS Master candidate in Coptic language Member of cultural heritage rescue team at Egypt

3. Historical background about Abydos Abydos (3bDw in the ancient Egyptian language) : 1-It is one of the oldest cities of Ancient Egypt. Most of the monuments of Abydos in a desert dry area bounded on the west by the mountain and on the east of the Urbanization, on the north the farms, on the south Muslim cemetery with some variation from region to region.

4. 2- It is one of the eighth Nome in Upper Egypt, of which it was the capital city. 3- It is located about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) west of the nile at atitude 26° 10' N, near the modern Egyptian towns of el’araba Madfuna and Al Balyna. Ts monuments represent from First Dynasty to Thirtieth Dynasty 4- the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples: In the northern region in Abydos: "Shunt El Zabib“Kom El Sultan” In the middle region of Abydos: temple of Seti I, Temple of Ramses II, Osirion, Umm el-Qa’ab, a royal necropolis where early pharaos were entombed In the southern region of Abydos: The tomb of (Snosert III ), The tomb of king (Senb Kay)( discovered recently).

5. 7, 8 dyn. BC Destroy part of the site Political conflict (Man made, slow) Source Thebian and Ahnasia conflict Alahnassa location Weaknesses Risks 7, 8 dyn. BC B.C 27 B.C A time line diagram for General impacts all over years ”

6. 30, BC Destroy the decoration of the temple of SetI 1, Ramses 2 nd, and part of the site religious conflict (Man made, fast) Source Location Weaknesses Risks 7, 8 dyn. BC B.C. 30, BC

7. 286 A D Deformations of the scenes of the temple of Sety 1, Ramses 2 nd Trespassing of the Romans, (Man made, slow) Source Location Weaknesses Risks 7, 8 dyn. BC B.C. 30, BC 286A.D From 1971 until now

8. Abydos project From the Islamic p. till 19 C. Losing of some stones of the temple, Seti 1, Ramses 2 nd Trespassing (Man made, slow) Source Material of the building, Weaknesses Risks 7, 8 dyn. BC B.C. 30, BC 193-211 A.D From the Islamic p. till 19 C.

9. Abydos project 1925 A D Deformation a part of the temple of Ramses 2 nd Bad Conservation (Man made, slow ) Source Materials of the conservation Weaknesses Risks 7, 8 dyn. BC B.C 1925 A D

10. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highTemples open for visit lack of awareness Lack of security graffiti (Man-made Slow) Deformation of the archaeological view

11. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highThe north and the south of the region lack of law (legislative) Urban development (Man-made Slow) Deformation of the archaeological site

12. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highThe temple of sety I and Ramses II Lack of maintenance Soot (Man made Slow) Deformation

13. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highThe north and the south of the enclosure wall of the temple Lack of maintenance Wrong restoration Deformation of the view of the wall of the temple Impacts of Ramses II

14. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT moderateThe sides of the temple (north,south, west) of the walls Location,lack of maintenance Sand encroachment Covering parts of the walls of the temple

15. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highPainted walls inside the temple Lack of maintenance Sun rays(natural \slow) Fading of the colors

16. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT mediumIn front of Ramses II temple Lack of administration Urban development + garbage Deformation of the façade of Ramses II the temple

17. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT highIn front of the temples lack of securityUrban development + trespassing The loss of many parts of site of the temple

18. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT High the lower parts of the columns Nature of material, location Subsurface waterAlgae deformation Impacts of Osirion

19. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT medium the lower parts of the columns Nature of material location Subsurface water Efflorescence of salts

20. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT HighAll of the Osrion Nature of material Location Sub surface water Deformation

21. LEVEL OF IMPACT POSITIONWEAKNESSSOURCEIMPACT HighWestern sideNature of MaterialVegetationDeformation