2. Grammar Complements, Phrases, & Clauses SED 340

3. Complements A complement is a word or group of words that completes the meaning begun by the subject and verb. Four kinds: direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, and predicate adjectives Two are affected by the action of the verb Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives are both called subject complements.

4. Direct Objects The direct object receives the action expressed by the verb or names the result of the action. Examples: 1. She drank the soda. 2. I signed the check.

5. Indirect Objects Indirect objects precede the direct object and tell to whom or what or for whom or what the action of the verb is done. Examples: 1.My mom gave me a present. 2.Bob sent us the memo on Thursday.

6. Subject Complements A subject complement is a word which follows a linking verb and refers to (explains or describes) the subject. Two kinds: predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives

7. Predicate Nominatives Predicate nominatives are nouns or pronouns. Examples: 1. She is a secretary. 2. It was him.

8. Predicate Adjectives Predicate adjectives are adjectives which modify the subject. Examples: 1.She is pretty. 2.My dog is lazy.

9. Complements Direct Objects Indirect Objects Subject Complements Predicate Nominatives Predicate Adjectives

10. Clause or Phrase? On the playing field After Stan went to the movies Even though you washed the dishes He has eaten a hamburger Springing into action with the strength of a lion

11. What is a Phrase? A group of words that is missing either a subject or verb or both. Because it is missing one of these two requirements, it does not meet our definition for a complete sentence. Therefore, a phrase by itself is considered a fragment, or an incomplete sentence.

12. Phrases Types Five kinds: prepositional adjective adverb verbal appositive Examples the ancient oak tree (missing a verb) hitting the window (missing a subject and verb) on a jet plane (missing a subject and verb)

13. Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begin with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun. Examples: 1. Please put the paper in the basket. 2. I found ten apples under the tree.

14. Charades! I need 4 volunteers. I will give you a prepositional phrases on a slip of paper. Each pair will act out a prepositional phrase. The audience will guess your phrase.

15. Were you right? Quick, hide behind the teacher’s desk! Be careful when you jump over the puddle.

16. Adjective Phrases An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Examples: 1.That girl in the car is my sister. 2.The disk on the table is his.

17. Adverb Phrases An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: 1. The pine tree was planted in the back yard. 2. I ran from the dog.

18. Men, report to duty! All the male students, please stand up. You will walk to a female student and now explain the difference between an adjective phrase and an adverb phrase. Go!

19. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun. A gerund phrase is a group of related words that includes the gerund. Examples: 1. Swimming is my favorite thing to do in the summer. 2. Washing the dishes is my daily chore.

20. Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An infinitive has the word to directly before the base form of the verb. An infinitive phrase is a group of related words that includes the infinitive. Examples: 1. I would like to go to Europe. 2. He needs to read the whole book by tomorrow.

21. Left vs. Right Everyone stand up! Listen carefully to the following sentences. IF you hear an infinitive phrase, hold up your LEFT HAND & YOUR LEFT LEG. IF you hear a gerund, hold up your RIGHT HAND & YOUR RIGHT LEG.

22. Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that explains the noun or pronoun it follows. An appositive phrase is made up of an appositive and its modifiers. Most of the time it is set apart from the rest of the sentence with commas, but if the appositive is necessary to the meaning of the sentence, or is closely related to the word it follows, no commas are necessary. Examples: 1. Susan, the girl in the front row, is reading a book. 2. The movie Lord of the Rings is his favorite.

23. Fill in the blank! Add an appositive phrase to the following sentences. Students will be called on randomly to share. 1.My teacher is going to give us candy today. 2.The song we just heard is my absolute favorite. 3.Disney World can be fairly expensive to visit. 4.March Madness is a great time to be a college basketball fan!

24. Phrases AppositivePrepositional AdjectiveAdverb Verbal InfinitiveGerundParticipial

25. Clauses A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb which forms part of a sentence. Independent or dependent (subordinate) Three kinds: adjective, adverb, and noun

26. Quick… Tell me, as a class, what is the difference between a phrase and a clause. 1, 2, 3…go!

27. Independent and Dependent Clauses An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence. A dependent clause or subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

28. Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause almost always begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, what, and that) Examples: 1. The girl who is sitting in the front row is my best friend. 2. The car that is bright red is speeding.

29. Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as an adverb. Examples: 1. When I smiled at him he waved. 2. Because she wakes up early, she is always on time.

30. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Can be used as a subject, a complement, or an object of the preposition Examples: 1. They asked who won. 2. My friend asked whoever was able to please stand.

31. Practice, practice, practice Noun: I know Latin. Noun clause: I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. Noun: Their destination is unknown. Noun clause: Where they are going is unknown. NOW YOU TRY CREATING NOUN CLAUSES BY REPLACING THESE NOUNS: Shoes/ dog/ Atlanta Braves/ house

32. Volunteers to share examples http://docs.google.com/demo/edit?id=scAAcSMXpvV Zo7HVErrK2pbON&dt=spreadsheet#document

33. Clauses IndependentDependent AdjectiveNounAdverb

34. Online Practice http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar/ http://aliscot.com/bigdog/prep_exercise.htm http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/O range_Level_Quiz_4_Clauses_and_Phrases.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/O range_Level_Quiz_4_Clauses_and_Phrases.html

35. Warm-up: Identify the clause & type Whenever Barbara does well, she is thrilled. You can make a shirt from whatever material I don’t use. Ella has a bunny that hops around the room. The boy was working faster than I could.

36. Warm-up: Identify the clause & type Whenever Barbara does well, she is thrilled.- ADV You can make a shirt from whatever material I don’t use.- NOUN Ella has a bunny that hops around the room. - ADJ The boy was working faster than I could.- ADV