1. Global Positioning System (GPS) Basics www.unavco.org

2. GPS receiver

5. The United States maintains a constellation of 24-32 GPS satellites orbiting in a near-circular orbit 20,200 km above Earth Each satellite passes over one of 5 ground monitoring stations every 12 hours

6. Images from Lockeed-Martin (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/GPS/)http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/GPS/ GPS satellite s

7. Control of the GPS satellites involves a master control station (MCS), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

8. Control of the GPS satellites involves a master control station (MCS), an alternate MCS, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

9. Control of the GPS satellites involves a master control station (MCS), an alternate MCS, four dedicated ground antennas and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

10. Control of the GPS satellites involves a master control station (MCS), an alternate MCS, four dedicated ground antennas and six monitor stations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

11. The ground antennas are in Kwajalein Ascension Island Diego Garcia Cape Canaveral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

12. The monitoring stations are in Hawaii Kwajalein Ascension Island Diego Garcia Colorado Springs, and Cape Canaveral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

14. The tracking information from the monitoring stations is sent to the Air Force Space Command, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2 SOPS) of the US Air Force. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

15. The tracking information from the monitoring stations is sent to the Air Force Space Command, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2 SOPS) of the US Air Force. 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using the dedicated ground antennas. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

16. The tracking information from the monitoring stations is sent to the Air Force Space Command, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2 SOPS) of the US Air Force. 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using the dedicated ground antennas. These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

17. GPS satellites include ephemeris data in the signals they transmit to GPS receivers. Ephemeris data are a set of parameters that can be used to accurately calculate the location of a GPS satellite at a particular point in time. Ephemeris data describe the path that the satellite is following as it orbits Earth. http://www.how-gps-works.com/glossary/ephemeris- data.shtml

18. Each GPS satellite has 4 atomic clocks, to be sure that one is always working. Each costs ~$100,000, and is accurate to 1 billionth of a second (1 nanosecond).

19. The radio signal from the satellite tells the receiver on Earth’s surface the satellite-clock time, and provides the most recent corrections to the satellite’s position relative to Earth. Each GPS satellite has 4 atomic clocks, to be sure that one is always working.

20. The radio signal from the satellite tells the receiver on Earth’s surface the satellite-clock time, and provides the most recent corrections to the satellite’s position relative to Earth. The GPS receiver compares the satellite’s time to the receiver’s time to determine the distance to each satellite. Each GPS satellite has 4 atomic clocks, to be sure that one is always working.

21. The receiver knows very accurately where each satellite is relative to Earth (via its almanac and the corrections broadcast by the satellite), so the receiver position is triangulated using at least 3 satellites, with a 4th used to adjust the receiver’s time.

22. The GPS almanac is a set of data that every GPS satellite transmits, and it includes information about the state (health) of the entire GPS satellite constellation, and coarse data on every satellite's orbit. When a GPS receiver has current almanac data in memory, it can acquire satellite signals and determine initial position more quickly. http://gps.about.com/od/glossary/g/GPS_Almanac.htm

23. The accuracy of common hand-held GPS units is on the order of 10 meters -- good enough for most casual users. To measure the motions of Earth’s crust, we use GPS systems with an accuracy of less than 1 cm!

24. PBO GPS station P712 (ynp_bacon_mt2008) in Yellowstone National Park http://pboweb.unavco.org/shared/scripts/stations/?checkkey=P 712 What could we learn if we cemented a high-resolution GPS receiver onto Earth’s surface?

25. PBO GPS station P695 (msh_nridgewa2004) on Mt. St. Helens http://pboweb.unavco.org/shared/scripts/stations/?checkkey=P 695

26. PBO involves installation, operation and maintenance of ~1100 continuously operating high-precision GPS stations, strainmeters, and tiltmeters. Plate Boundary Observatory

27. Plate-Boundary Observatory Sites in Twentynine Palms, California (BEMT) and Mission Viejo (SBCC) Where is that chunk of crust going?

28. refer to your handout http://pboweb.unavco.org/shared/scripts/stations/?page=station_type&groupid =1#9

31. What is the site’s 3D velocity? Using the Pythagorean Theorem (high school math...),

32. In what direction is the site moving? Using the horizontal components of velocity, and a bit of high-school trigonometry,

36. International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000, from UNAVCO

37. Standard North American Reference Frame, from UNAVCO