1. Sean Ross 10275213 Professional Science Essentials

2. What is Nanotechnology??? Why is nanotechnology used? Where is it used? What is the nano scale? Advances in nanotechnology

3. Brief History -1953 DNA molecule first discovered - 1959 Richard Feynman suggested the manipulation of atoms - 1966 Von Neumann envisioned self replicating machines - 1986 Eric Drexler first publicised the word nanotechnology - 1989 Drexler founded Foresight Institute

4. What is Dermatology? -This is a branch of medicine dealing with skin, hair and nails - First school for Dermatology 1801 (Hôpital Saint- Louis in Paris)Hôpital Saint- Louis - First text books between 1806-1814

5. Nanosunscreens -Using the study of matter - Nanoscale - This is where most life processes occur - Transparency to visible light first attracted nanotechnology to sunscreens - Small particles-higher surface to volume ratio - Polar oxygenated exterior -Increased solubility in water - Greaseless emulsions - Denser packing of material on upper epidermis - There are some safety issues

6. Safety Issues Biggest concern is formation of free radicals & ROS These particles damage proteins, DNA, RNA and fats within cells. Toxicity affected by size, structure, surface properties(coating). Can be altered in manufacturing Coating with manganese restricts formation Ability to react with living cells Two coats fro defence against skin penetration, and host ROS Depends on penetrations of skin

7. Studies... Studies carried out on nanotitanium and zinc Inability to penetrate stratum corneum. Stratum corneum two layers Aggregate to form large clusters Larger then 100μm

8. Consumer Comes First - Customer always comes first - Insolubility in water based substance - Less greasy complexity - Product now safe -Although many people don’t trust. -Slowly becoming worldwide accepted

9. Reference List - Baker, S., Aston, A., (2005). Business Week: The business of Nanotech, 1-10 - Berube,D, M. (2008). J Nanopart Res: Rhetorical gamemanship in the nano debates over sunscreens and nanoparticles, 10, 23-37 - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Wiench, K., Landsiel, R., Schulte, S., Inman, A. O., Riviere, J. E., (2011). Safety of Sunscreen Formulations Containing Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide - Nanoparticles in UVB Sunburned Skin: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study, Toxicological Studies, 123(1), 264-280 -Nasir, A., Wang, S. & Friedman, A. (2011). "The emerging role of nanotechnology in sunscreens: An update" in Expert Review of Dermatology, 6(5), pp 437-439. - Santa, J., (2008). Consumer Reports: Let the Patient Decide, 1-2. Retrieved from www.ConsumerReports.org www.ConsumerReports.org