1. Chapter 4 POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

2. The American Political Culture  Political Culture: The widely shared beliefs, values, attitudes citizens hold about their relationship to government and to one another. First part of this chapter discusses these shared values.  Discovered through actions and behaviors  What it concerns  Some elements very stable  Some elements change significantly

3. Social Capital  People’s connectedness. Comes from joining groups and being part of communities both real and theoretical.  Societies in which people have a lot of social capital are stronger and reach compromise more easily.

4. Shared values  Classical liberalism—basis of American political tradition.  Liberty  Equality  Political Equality  Social Equality  Individualism  Democratic Consensus  Justice and the Rule of Law  Nationalism, Optimism and Idealism

5. Rule of Law  For government to adhere to the rule of law, its policies and laws should follow five basic rules:  Generality  Prospectivity  Publicity  Authority  Due Process

6. What Do You Mean by Rights and Freedoms? It Depends...

7. What is Patriotism?  "I regret that I have but one life to give for my country." — Nathan Hale (allegedly), prior to execution for espionage

8. The American Dream  Beliefs that come together in American Dream  Capitalism  Private Property  Survival Of The Fittest  Wealth Passed To Next Generation  Mixed Capitalism

9. Political and Economic Changes Have Affected Political Values  Jacksonian Revolution  Industrial transformation  Great Depression  Reagan Revolution of the 1980s  Budget Battles of the ‘90s

10. Ideology And Public Policy  Ideology Defined: the structure of a person’s ideas or beliefs about political values and the role of government.  Includes views on  how government should work  how government does work

11. Ideology And Public Policy  Where we learn about political culture and develop our views  Family  School  Church  Mass Media  Political Activities

12. Ideology And Public Policy  Schools of ideological thought:  Liberalism  conservatism  socialism  libertarianism  Each has their own sub-classifications.  Most people tend toward one  Very few fit within one category on all issues.

13. Ideology over Time. Source: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, 2002 National Election Study Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior.

14. Ideological Distribution

15. Liberalism  Liberalism:  Liberalism has always stressed the rights of the individual.  In the 17th and 18th Century believed in limited government based on the belief that government was the biggest threat to individual rights.  Democratic party of Jefferson was a liberal party.  Now liberals see government as the protector of civil rights and equality against others.  Seek to use government to expand the rights of the people.  Positive use of government. Stresses the good of government.

16. Contemporary Liberalism  Contemporary Liberalism: Belief in the positive uses of government to bring about justice and equality of opportunity.  Optimistic about progress and human nature (except the human nature of the rich).  Liberals believe that rich think that government should take care of them on the theory that everyone benefits when business benefits.  Want to preserve the rights of the individual and right to own property

17. Contemporary Liberalism  Believe in intervention to cure the ills of pure capitalism  Roots in FDR’s New Deal, but also in Progressivism  Goals today

18. Liberalism Philosophical Underpinnings  Optimism and belief that the future can be better  Belief that government can bring positive change  rejection of Jeffersonian notion that government that governs least governs best.  Belief in compassionate government.

19. Liberalism Philosophical Underpinnings  Role of government is to take care of the weak and poor because rich can take care of themselves.  criticize conservatives for a trickle-down approach.  Equality of opportunity is paramount.  Tolerance of life-style choices.  Morality of foreign countries should effect our relations with them.

20. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY TYPES OF LIBERALS Types of Liberals—  New Deal Liberals —focus on economic issues.  Social Liberals —stress equality and rights of minority groups.  Peace Liberals— those opposed to imperialistic military actions by US. Especially strong in the 1960s and 70s.  Neo-Liberals— Liberals who have lost faith in welfare and big government, but still adhere to the core principles. Clinton and the heart of Democratic Platform.

21. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Criticisms of Liberalism Criticisms of Liberalism—  Liberals place too much reliance on government solutions,  Liberals are in love with…….  Power tends to corrupt, thus big government is bad.  Too much governmental aid tends to sap the spirit and breeds dependence and lack of initiative  Big government tends to dictate to us and restricts our freedoms  Big government tends to sap the entrepreneurial spirit that builds the economy and makes America great.

22. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY LIBERALISM TODAY  Economic Liberalism dominant from 1932- 1980  Social Liberalism dominant in 1960s and 1970s  Starting in 1980 has been a conservative resurgence.  Modern Democratic Party is much less liberal

23. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY LIBERALISM TODAY  Ronald Reagan: Government is not the solution, it is the problem  Newt Gingrich: Contract for America. 1994.  Republicans take control in the House for the first time in 50 years.

24. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Conservatism  Philosophic Underpinning of Conservatism  limited government; strength of nation is in the individual  Private property and free enterprise.  Small government, except in areas of national defense.  Pessimistic view of human nature.  Survival of the fittest  Laissez Faire  Oppose welfare  leery of change

25. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY TYPES OF CONSERVATIVES  Traditional Conservatives  Social Conservatives  Neo-Conservatives

26. Criticisms of Conservatism  Are hostile to government  Are selective in dislike for government  Hypocritical. Advocate governmental involvement in societal problems when it serves their interest (moral issues)

27. Criticisms of Conservatism  Too much faith in the market economy at the expense of consumers and labor.  Belief in deregulation has backfired  Economic policies tend to favor the rich.  Liberals think Conservatives think only about………

28. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Socialism and Communism  Socialism and Communism are based on the idea that Government should own the major industries.  Major distinction between communism and socialism.  Believe in much bigger role for government.

29. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Socialism and Communism  Communism has largely crashed and burned in the last 15 years.  Cuba and China  Reasons Communism has been a failure  Views of American Socialists

30. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Environmentalism  Environmentalism: Extreme Liberalism plus emphasis on the environment and environmental issues.  Ralph Nadar’s party  Green party in Europe  In America stresses grass-roots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity and feminism.

31. IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY Libertarianism  Cherishes individual liberty and insists on a sharply limited government.  Is a cross between liberalism and Conservatism.  Like Conservatives, believe that big government is bad. Would pare government down to the bare essentials.  Like Liberals, they believe in a high degree of personal freedom. Almost all regulation of personal behavior that does not infringe on the rights of others should be eliminated.

32. End of Chapter

33. Patriotism  Is it necessary for citizens to be patriotic?  “The most noble fate a man can endure is to place his own mortal body between his loved home and the war's desolation.” —Robert A. Heinlein,

34. What is Patriotism?  What does it mean to be patriotic?  "In the Beginning of a change, the patriot is a scarce man, and brave and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds the timid join him, for then it costs nothing to be a patriot." Mark Twain

35. Patriotism  What is the obligation of a patriot?

36. Patriotism  "Patriotism means to stand by the country. It does not mean to stand by the President or any other public official save exactly to the degree in which he himself stands by the country. It is patriotic to support him insofar as he efficiently serves the country. It is unpatriotic not to oppose him to the exact extent that by inefficiency or otherwise he fails in his duty to stand by the country." —Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

37. Patriotism v. Criticism  “‘My country, right or wrong’ is a thing that no patriot would think of saying, except in a desperate case. It is like saying, ‘My mother, drunk or sober’.” - Gilbert Keith Chesterton  “When I am abroad, I always make it a rule never to criticize or attack the government of my own country. I make up for lost time when I come home.” — Winston Churchill

38. Patriotism v. Criticism  “’Time Magazine, why do you hate our troops?" By asking if the war was worth it, you are showing your lack of support for the war. And, of course, if you don't support the war, you don't support our troops. I am tired of the anti-American news coverage of Time Magazine and CNN. “

39. Patriotism Without Criticism  “Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.” —Samuel Johnson,