1. Samira Khan University of Virginia Jan 21, 2016 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE CS 6354 The content and concept of this course are adapted from CMU ECE 740

2. ROTUNDA, PAVILLIONS AND THE LAWN 2

3. A DESIGN BASED ON PRINCIPLES 1856 engraving Designed by Thomas Jefferson Unique design at that time (1819) University surrounded by a library Separation of church and education Students and professors living in the pavilions A holistic approach to training and education 3

4. A KEY QUESTION How was Jefferson able to design a school that was so different from precedents? Can have many guesses – Visionary – Passion for architecture and education – (Ultra) hard work, perseverance, dedication (over decades) – Experience of decades – Creativity – Out-of-the-box thinking – Principled design – A good understanding of past designs – Good judgment and intuition – Strong combination of skills (architecture, art, law, mathematics, horticulture, philosophy …) –…–… (You will be exposed to and hopefully develop/enhance many of these skills in this course) 4

5. MAJOR HIGH-LEVEL GOALS OF THIS COURSE Understand the principles Understand the precedents Based on such understanding: – Enable you to evaluate tradeoffs of different designs and ideas – Enable you to develop principled designs – Enable you to develop novel, out-of-the-box designs The focus is on: – Principles, precedents, and how to use them for new designs In Computer Architecture 5

6. ROLE OF THE (COMPUTER) ARCHITECT from Yale Patt’s lecture notes 6

7. ROLE OF THE (COMPUTER) ARCHITECT Look backward (to the past) – Understand tradeoffs and designs, upsides/downsides, past workloads. Analyze and evaluate the past Look forward (to the future) – Be the dreamer and create new designs. Listen to dreamers – Push the state of the art. Evaluate new design choices Look up (towards problems in the computing stack) – Understand important problems and their nature – Develop architectures and ideas to solve important problems Look down (towards device/circuit technology) – Understand the capabilities of the underlying technology – Predict and adapt to the future of technology (you are designing for N years ahead). Enable the future technology 7

8. TAKEAWAYS Being an architect is not easy You need to consider many things in designing a new system + have good intuition/insight into ideas/tradeoffs But, it is fun and can be very technically rewarding And, enables a great future – E.g., many scientific and everyday-life innovations would not have been possible without architectural innovation that enabled very high performance systems – E.g., your mobile phones This course will teach you how to become a good computer architect 8

9. INSTRUCTOR Samira Khan – Assistant Professor – samirakhan@virginia.edu samirakhan@virginia.edu Post Doctorate in CMU PhD from UT San Antonio Worked at Intel, AMD, EPFL Research Interest – Computer Architecture and Systems – Memory System Design – New Emerging Technologies – Hardware-Software Co-Design – Performance, Power, Reliability 9

10. TEACHING ASSISTANT Elaheh Sadredini – PhD Student – es9bt@virginia.edu es9bt@virginia.edu Undergrad in Iran University of Science and Technology Research Interest – Computer Architecture and Systems – Automata Processors – GPUs 10

11. AGENDA Course Overview How to Jump Into Research How to Review Papers First Homework (for Next Week) First Review Assignment (for Next Week) 11

12. WHERE TO GET UP-TO-DATE COURSE INFO? Website Piazza Your email: start the subject line with CS 6534 Office Hours 12

13. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN Computer Architecture: The science and art of designing, selecting, and interconnecting hardware components and designing the hardware/software interface to create a computing system that meets functional, performance, energy consumption, cost, and other specific goals. Traditional definition: “The term architecture is used here to describe the attributes of a system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior as distinct from the organization of the dataflow and controls, the logic design, and the physical implementation.” Gene Amdahl, IBM Journal of R&D, April 1964 13

14. Architecture Circuits Operating System LEVELS OF TRANSFORMATION Interface between Software and Hardware Problem 14

15. THE POWER OF ABSTRACTION Isolation A higher level only needs to know about the interface to the lower level, not how the lower level is implemented For example, high-level language programmer does not really need to know about the architecture Productivity No need to worry about decisions made in underlying levels For example, programming in Java vs. C vs. assembly vs. binary vs. by specifying control signals of each transistor every cycle 15

16. Should we always focus on our own layer? As long as everything goes well, not knowing what happens in the underlying level (or above) is not a problem What if – One of the layers reach a limit, there is no way to improve – There is a new disruptive change in technology that cannot be contained in a layer – New Applications that are too slow for today’s system CROSSING THE ABSTRACTION LAYERS 16

17. Architecture Circuits Operating System LEVELS OF TRANSFORMATION Broader Scope of Computer Architecture Broader Scope of Computer Architecture Problem 17

18. SCOPE OF THE COURSE This course will take a broad view of architecture – Beyond the ISA+microarchitecture levels – E.g., system-architecture interfaces and interactions – E.g., application-architecture interfaces and interactions Out-of-the-box thinking is greatly encouraged – E.g., research projects and readings on architectures that challenge the current dominant paradigms processing in memory, approximate systems, asymmetry everywhere, … – E.g., readings on topics that are traditionally covered less in computer architecture courses 18

19. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? Hardware/software interface, major components, and programming models of a modern computing platform – State-of-the-art as well as research proposals (lots of them) – Tradeoffs and how to make them – Emphasis on cutting-edge (research & state-of-the-art) Hands-on research in a computer architecture topic – Semester-long research project – Focus: How to design better architectures (not an intro course) How to dig out information – No textbook really required – But, see the syllabus 19

20. TWO EXAMPLES New Challenge: DRAM Scaling Problem Emerging Technology: Non-Volatile Memory 20

21. DRAM SCALING CHALLENGE Technology Scaling DRAM Cells DRAM scaling enabled high capacity 21

22. DRAM SCALING TREND Source: Flash Memory Summit 2013, Memcon 2014 DRAM scaling is getting difficult 22

23. DRAM SCALING CHALLENGE Technology Scaling DRAM Cells Manufacturing reliable cells at low cost is getting difficult Manufacturing reliable cells at low cost is getting difficult 23

24. TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO ENABLE DRAM SCALING Unreliable DRAM Cells Reliable DRAM Cells Make DRAM Reliable Reliable System Manufacturing Time System in the Field DRAM has strict reliability guarantee 24

25. NEW APPROACH Unreliable DRAM Cells Reliable DRAM Cells Make DRAM Reliable Reliable System Manufacturing Time System in the Field Manufacturing Time System in the Field Shift the responsibility to systems 25

26. VISION: SYSTEM-LEVEL DETECTION AND MITIGATION Unreliable DRAM Cells Detect and Mitigate Reliable System Detect and mitigate errors after the system has become operational ONLINE PROFILING Reduces cost, increases yield, and enables scaling 26

27. TOWARDS AN ONLINE PROFILING SYSTEM Initially Protect DRAM with Strong ECC Initially Protect DRAM with Strong ECC 1 1 Periodically Test Parts of DRAM Periodically Test Parts of DRAM 2 2 Test Mitigate errors and reduce ECC Mitigate errors and reduce ECC 3 3 Run tests periodically after a short interval at smaller regions of memory 27

28. BREAKING THE ABSTRACTION Samira Khan+, "The Efficacy of Error Mitigation Techniques for DRAM Retention Failures: A Comparative Experimental Study”, SIGMETRICS 2014 Architecture Circuits Operating System Problem OS needs to know about testing and tested pages Need to implement the testing in the hardware Need to know the circuit-level characteristics of the failures 28

29. TWO EXAMPLES New Challenge: DRAM Scaling Problem Emerging Technology: Non-Volatile Memory 29

30. TWO-LEVEL STORAGE MODEL CPU MEMORY STORAGE VOLATILE FAST BYTE ADDR NONVOLATILE SLOW BLOCK ADDR Ld/St FILE I/O DRAM 30

31. TWO-LEVEL STORAGE MODEL CPU MEMORY STORAGE VOLATILE FAST BYTE ADDR NONVOLATILE SLOW BLOCK ADDR Ld/St FILE I/O DRAM PCM, STT-RAM NVM Non-volatile memories combine characteristics of memory and storage 31

32. VISION: UNIFY MEMORY AND STORAGE CPU PERSISTENT MEMORY Provides an opportunity to manipulate persistent data directly Ld/St NVM 32

33. DRAM IS STILL FASTER CPU PERSISTENT MEMORY A hybrid unified memory-storage system CPU MEMORY Ld/St NVM DRAM 33

34. Opportunity to update data in-place in memory with Ld/St interface Do not need to move data from disk to memory, translate file to data structure and transfer to disk again – Eliminates wasted work to locate, transfer, and translate data – Improves both energy and performance – Simplifies programming model as well UNIFY MEMORY AND STORAGE 34

35. BREAKING THE ABSTRACTION Architecture Circuits Operating System Problem Who provides the consistency and persistency guarantee? How does hardware manage the hybrid memory? Need to know the circuit-level characteristics of the underlying technology Jinglei Ren+, “Dual-Scheme Checkpointing: A Software-Transparent Mechanism for Supporting Crash Consistency in Persistent Memory Systems”, MICRO 2015 Justin Meza+, “A Case for Efficient Hardware-Software Cooperative Management of Storage and Memory”, WEED 2013 Applications manipulate persistent data directly 35

36. COURSE GOALS Goal 1: To familiarize you with both fundamental design tradeoffs and recent research issues/trends in processor, memory, and platform architectures in today’s and future systems – Strong emphasis on fundamentals and design tradeoffs. Goal 2: To provide the necessary background and experience to advance the state-of-the-art in computer architecture by performing cutting-edge research – Strong emphasis on Critical analysis of research papers (through reading and literature review assignments) Developing new mechanisms that advance the state of the art (through the course research project). 36

37. THIS IS A GRADUATE-LEVEL CLASS Required background: – basic architecture (3330) – basic compilers – basic OS – programming skills – spirit, excitement, and dedication for deep exploration of a topic in computer architecture 37

38. WHAT DO I EXPECT FROM YOU? Learn the material & dig deeper Work hard Ask questions, take notes, participate in discussion Critically review the assigned research papers & readings – Discuss/critique them online with peers and us Use Piazza and Review Site frequently… Start the research project early and focus Remember “Chance favors the prepared mind.” (Pasteur) 38

39. HOW WILL YOU BE EVALUATED? Research Project: 50% Critical Reviews: 25% Exam(s): 20% Homework, class participation, and my evaluation of your performance: 5% Participation+discussion is very important Grading will be back-end heavy. Most of your grade will be determined late. How you prepare and manage your time is important – But grades should not be the reason for taking this course 39

40. RESEARCH PROJECT Your chance to explore in depth a computer architecture topic that interests you Perhaps even publish your innovation in a top computer architecture conference. Start thinking about your project topic from now! Interact with me and mentors Read the project topics handout well Groups of 2-3 students (will finalize this later) Proposal due: Feb 18, 2016 40

41. AGENDA Course Overview How to Jump Into Research How to Review Papers First Homework (for Next Week) First Review Assignment (for Next Week) 41

42. HOW TO DO RESEARCH AND ADVANCED DEV We will talk a lot about this in this course Learning by example – Reading and evaluating strong and seminal papers Learning by doing – Semester-long research project Learning by open, critical discussions – Recitation sessions, online discussion of papers & ideas on Piazza and the Paper Review Site 42

43. WHAT IS THE GOAL OF RESEARCH? To generate new insight – that can enable what previously did not exist Research (in engineering) is a hunt for insight that can eventually impact the world 43

44. SOME BASIC ADVICE FOR GOOD RESEARCH Choose great problems to solve: Have great taste – Difficult – Important – High impact Read heavily and critically Think big (out of the box) – Do not restrain yourself to tweaks Aim high Write and present really well 44

45. Looking here for lost keys 45

46. Lost keys here Looking here 46

47. Current Architecture Practice 47

48. 48

49. 5-10 years Aim Here 49

50. 5-10 years Enable this point 50

51. The Research Formula 51

52. Reward If you are wildly successful, what difference will it make? 52

53. Effort Learn as much as possible with as little work as possible 53

54. Effort Do the minimum analysis and experimentation necessary to make a point 54

55. Research is a hunt for insight Need to get off the beaten path to find new insights 55

56. RECOMMENDED TALK Bill Dally, Moving the needle: Effective Computer Architecture Research in Academy and IndustryMoving the needle: Effective Computer Architecture Research in Academy and Industry ISCA 2010 Keynote Talk. Acknowledgment: Past few slides are from this talk 56

57. MORE GOOD ADVICE “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” Richard Hamming 57

58. HOW TO DO THE PAPER REVIEWS 1: Brief summary – What is the problem the paper is trying to solve? – What are the key ideas of the paper? Key insights? – What is the key contribution to literature at the time it was written? – What are the most important things you take out from it? 2: Strengths (most important ones) – Does the paper solve the problem well? 3: Weaknesses (most important ones) – This is where you should think critically. Every paper/idea has a weakness. This does not mean the paper is necessarily bad. It means there is room for improvement and future research can accomplish this. 4: Can you do (much) better? Present your thoughts/ideas. 5: What have you learned/enjoyed/disliked in the paper? Why? Review should be short and concise (~half a page to a page) 58

59. ADVICE ON PAPER REVIEWS When doing the reviews, be very critical Always think about better ways of solving the problem or related problems Do background reading – Reviewing a paper/talk is the best way of learning about a research problem/topic Think about forming a literature survey topic or a research proposal based on the paper (for future studies) 59

60. PROJECT More information to come… In the meantime: Read a lot of papers; find focused problem areas to survey papers on We will provide a list of project ideas and papers associated with them A good way of finding topics to survey or do projects on is: – Examining the provided project ideas and papers – Reading assigned papers in lectures – Examining papers from recent conferences (ISCA, MICRO, HPCA, ASPLOS, …) 60

61. AGENDA Course Overview How to Jump Into Research How to Review Papers First Homework (for Next Week) First Review Assignment (for Next Week) 61

62. HOMEWORK0 Due on next Tuesday Jan 26, 2016 Student information Want to know about you All future grading is dependent on this homework Submit a pdf file in Collab 62

63. AGENDA Course Overview How to Jump Into Research How to Review Papers First Homework (for Next Week) First Review Assignment (for Next Week) 63

64. REQUIRED REVIEWS Due on next Thursday Jan 28, 2016 Enter your reviews in Review Site Register ASAP: https://cmt3.research.microsoft.com/User/Login?R eturnUrl=%2FUVACAS2016 Learn from each other, peer reviewing others submission will help you to grow – Can be extra credit Start discussing ideas and thoughts on Piazza 64

65. REVIEW PAPER 1 (REQUIRED) Yale Patt, “Requirements, Bottlenecks, and Good Fortune: Agents for Microprocessor Evolution“Requirements, Bottlenecks, and Good Fortune: Agents for Microprocessor Evolution”, Invited Article in Proceedings of IEEE, 2001 65

66. REVIEW PAPER 2 (REQUIRED) Onur Mutlu and Lavanya Subramanian, “Research Problems and Opportunities in Memory Systems" Invited Article in Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations (SUPERFRI), 2015. “Research Problems and Opportunities in Memory SystemsSupercomputing Frontiers and Innovations 66

67. Samira Khan University of Virginia Jan 21, 2016 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE CS 6354 The content and concept of this course are adapted from CMU ECE 740