1. Foundations 10,000 B.C.E – 750 B.C.E

2. Basics B.C.E= Before the Common Era C.E= Common Era B.C.= Before Christ A.D.= Anno Domini (in the year of our lord) Seventeenth century= 1600s Sixteenth century=1500s Fifteenth century=1400s Etc…

3. Eras in world history Foundations – 10,000 B.C.E to 600 B.C.E. Classical period - 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. Post Classical period - 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. Early Modern Period – 1450 – 1750 C.E. Modern Period – 1750 to 1900 C.E. The Contemporary world – 1900 to Present

4. Paleolithic – Old Stone age –Hunting and Gathering –More egalitarian (men and women relatively equal) why? Neolithic – New Stone Age –Agriculture- 10,000 B.C.E. –Domesticated animals –Metalworking – why important? –Permanent villages –Male dominance

5. The Cave at Lascaux

14. Agriculture Most important in the transition to villages Not necessarily easier The first agricultural societies arose in the Middle East, but developed independently in other areas Hunter Gatherers still exist after agriculture, so do pastoral societies (grazing and herding)

16. First Cities Tigris and Euphrates Nile Indus river Niger Huang He Mexico Andes Mts.

18. How cities developed Lots of people Need administrators, traders, merchants, and priests Contact with other cities Leads to diplomacy and defense Cities become states (city-states)

19. Characteristics of early civilizations Urban centers (cities) Growing populations – why? Writing systems (usually but not always) Job specialization – as opposed to? Trade (cultural diffusion) Religion Patriarchal – what does this mean?

20. A note about the word “civilization…”

21. Sumer, the first city Conquered neighbors Invented first form of writing

23. Fertile Crescent - “Crossroads to the world?” Also known as Mesopotamia

24. Mesopotamia Climate: Unpredictable flooding -Why a blessing? -Why a curse? Topography: No geographical barriers -Why is that a problem?

25. Economy Barter Economy - Example? Ziggurat Each city-state had its own ziggurat. Very Important… - Its purpose?

26. Religion Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Anthropomorphic - gods possess same characteristics as man Man at the mercy of the gods - Why? Natural disasters Natural blessing

27. GOVERNMENT City-states with hereditary rulers. Supported by priesthood and military Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. –Writing helps to organize complex governments

28. technology –any specialized knowledge that is used to transform the natural environment and society. Agriculture –Irrigation (canals, dams, etc.) transportation –carts, sledges, and wooden boats for maneuvering in the varied terrain. metallurgy –Bronze

29. Writing Cuneiform -Oldest in the World -Wedge depressions in clay tablets -Formed from a reed stylus -Most important contribution

30. The Code of Hammurabi –Early set of written laws –282+ laws –“Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” –Demonstrates social stratification and inequalities

31. Vocab Artisan Surplus Sedentary Urbanization Stratification/Social stratification Hierarchy

32. Themes Importance of agriculture Importance of writing Importance of trade Importance of rivers Importance of cities- what do they lead to?