1. NOTES 4: THE COLD WAR HOMEFRONT, THE ARMS RACE, AND CUBA + THE END OF THE COLD WAR Modern US History Unit 4: The Cold War

2. COLD WAR FOREIGN POLICY

3. Defense Treaty Organizations  Both the democratic and communist sides in Europe formed mutual defense treaty organizations. These groups promised to defend any nation in the group if it were attacked by another country.

4. Defense Treaty Organizations NATO  The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in April of 1949. The 12 members pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked. Members:  U.S.A., Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. Greece and Turkey joined in 1952. West Germany joined in 1955.

5. Defense Treaty Organizations Warsaw Pact  In response to the rearmament of West Germany and its membership in NATO in 1955, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact to ally itself with seven other Eastern European countries. Members:  U.S.S.R., Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

6. NATO and Warsaw Pact

7. Espionage Activity  Espionage, or spying, was heavy on both sides during the Cold War (imagine James Bond movies here…). Both America and the Soviet Union had major agencies that handled their espionage.

8. Espionage Activity CIA  The Central Intelligance Agency guided most of America’s espionage work during the Cold War.

9. Espionage Activity KGB  The State Security Committee was the umbrella agency for the Soviet Union’s espionage and secret police work during the Cold War

10. THE ARMS RACE

11. The Arms Race  After America detonated the first Atomic Bomb in 1945, both the USSR and USA competed to create the next biggest and best bombs and weapons. While the landmark achievements were nuclear weapons, improvements in jets and tanks were also seen during this period.

12. The Arms Race Arms Race—USA  1st Atomic Fission Bomb—July 1945  1st Hydrogen Bomb—November 1952

13. The Arms Race Arms Race—USSR  1st Atomic Fission Bomb—August 1949  1st True Hydrogen Bomb—November 1955 Tsar Bomba

14. THE SPACE RACE

15. The Space Race  Both the Soviets and Americans had captured German rocket technology at the fall of WWII. They used this to produce rockets of their own. The development of long-range rockets to carry nuclear warheads to the enemy was an important part of the Cold War. This development was carried out through the “Space Race” which was the competition between both countries over space exploration (a rocket that could carry a space shuttle or satellite could definitely carry a warhead)

16. The Space Race  1st Satellite in Orbit: USSR: Sputnik : October 1957  1st Human in Space: USSR: April 1961  1st Man on the Moon: USA: July 1969

17. THE BAY OF PIGS AND THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

18. Crisis in Cuba - Background  Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959 and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union. Approximately 10% of Cuba’s population went into exile to escape Castro, mostly in the USA.

19. Crisis in Cuba - Background  In March 1960, Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. The CIA assumed their invasion would start a mass anti-Castro uprising. Kennedy was informed of this after taking office in January 1961. President Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961during his last days in office.

20. Crisis in Cuba – Bay of Pigs – April 1961  On April 17, 1961, over 1300 American trained Cuban exiles landed on Cuba’s southern coast at the Bay of Pigs. Nothing in the invasion went as planned. A U.S. air strike failed to knock out the Cuban air force, an advance distraction group never reached the shore, and when the troops landed, they faced 25,000 Cuban troops supported by Soviet tanks and jets. The invading exiles were either killed or imprisoned.

21. Crisis in Cuba – Bay of Pigs – April 1961  Castro celebrated the defeat of the “North American mercenaries” and Kennedy was left embarrassed. The U.S. paid $53 million in food and medical supplies as ransom for the surviving exiles.

22. Crisis in Cuba – The Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962  The Soviet Union promised to defend Cuba against further attacks from the U.S. with more arms. During the summer of 1962, the transport of Soviet weapons, including nuclear missiles, to Cuba increased greatly. Castro and Khrushchev at the UN 1960

23. Crisis in Cuba – The Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962  On October 14, 1962, U.S. planes photographed Soviet missile bases in Cuba with missiles that were ready to launch. On October 22, Kennedy informed the nation of the Soviet missile sites and his plans to remove them. Kennedy also stated that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger a full attack on the Soviet Union.

24. Crisis in Cuba – The Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962  U.S. Navy ships prepared to quarantine Cuba and prevent ships (especially USSR ships in the Atlantic) from coming within 500 miles of the island. 100,000 American troops waited to deploy in Florida. The world waited for the terrifying possibility of nuclear war for the next 6 days – this was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

25. Crisis in Cuba – The Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962  The first break occurred when the Soviet ships in the Atlantic stopped instead of confronting the US Navy. A few days later Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles from Cuba for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. America agreed and also secretly agreed to remove its missiles from Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the Cold War ever came to being “Hot”.

26. Chapter 10 – Duck and Cover Watch Scene from the Atomic Café!

27. (it’s a real wall!) The Berlin Wall

28.  Back to Europe. By 1961, Berlin was having problems. Almost 3 million East Germans – 20% of the population – had fled into West Berlin to escape from Communist rule. These refugees were an embarrassment to Communist East Berlin and severely weakened that region’s economy.

29. The Berlin Wall  The Soviet Union tried to solve the problem by asking the United States to leave West Berlin. Kennedy refused and said that Berlin was a “testing place of Western courage and will.” Kennedy at the Berlin Wall - June 1963

30. The Berlin Wall  On August 13, 1961 – East German troops began to erect a wall of concrete posts and barbed wire along the border in the city.

31. The Berlin Wall  Within days the wall was complete and Berlin was divided. Armed guards along the Berlin Wall slowed the flow of refugees between the cities, but also became a symbol of Communist oppression.

32. The Berlin Wall

33. END OF THE COLD WAR

34. The End of the Soviet Union  The problems and struggles of the cold war continued into the 1980’s. America continued to try to prevent countries from becoming Communist and both nations continued to compete. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev inherited an ill country. The Soviet economy was suffering and as Reagan increased U.S. defense spending, the Soviet Union tried to keep up but instead began to collapse.

35. The End of the Soviet Union  Realizing that the Soviet Union was failing, Gorbachev outlined plans for change. These were called glasnost (openness) and perestroika. Glasnost allowed for open criticism of the Soviet government and more freedom of press.

36. The End of the Soviet Union  Perestroika was a restructuring of Soviet society that introduced some private enterprise, reduced government control of the economy, and took steps towards establishing a democratic government. Both of these changes released a tide of rebellion amongst people in the Soviet Union – the first time this had been allowed to happen for decades.

37. The End of the Soviet Union  Knowing that the Soviet economy was faltering and that better relations with America would help, Gorbachev also initiated a series of arms control treaties. These treaties allowed the U.S. and USSR to make less weapons because both had agreed to it. Gorbachev’s changes marked the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union as nationalism rapidly declined.

38. The End of the Soviet Union  In 1988, Gorbachev encouraged the people of East Germany and Eastern Europe to go their own ways. He reduced the number of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe and allowed non-Communist parties to organize.

39. The End of the Soviet Union  On November 9, 1989 East Germany opened the Berlin Wall. Free passage was allowed between the two parts of the city for the first time in 28 years. In 1990 East Germany held its first free elections and on October 3 rd the two Germanys were united.

40. The End of the Soviet Union  In December of 1991, 14 of the non-Russian republics that made up the Soviet Union declared their independence from the USSR. After 74 years, the Soviet Union dissolved. The Cold War was over.