1. Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases Did you hear about the chemist who was reading a book about Helium? He just couldn't put it down.

2. 14.1 Properties of Gases OBJECTIVES: Explain why gases are easier to compress than solids or liquids are Describe the three factors that affect gas pressure

3. Compressibility Gases can expand to fill its container, unlike solids or liquids The reverse is also true: They are easily compressed, or squeezed into a smaller volume Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure

4. Compressibility This is the idea behind placing air bags in automobiles In an accident, the air compresses more than the steering wheel or dash when you strike it The impact forces gas particles closer together, which is possible because there is a lot of empty space between them

5. Compressibility At 25 o C, the distance between particles is about 10x the diameter of the particle Fig. 14.2 Shows spacing between O 2 and N 2 molecules in air This empty space makes gases good insulators down & fur keep animals warm because the air trapped in them prevents heat from escaping the animal’s body) How does the volume of the particles in a gas compare to the overall volume of the gas (kinetic theory)?

6. Variables that describe a Gas The four variables and their common units: 1. pressure (P) in kilopascals 2. volume (V) in Liters 3. temperature (T) in Kelvin 4. amount (n) in moles The amount of gas, volume, and temperature are factors that affect gas pressure.

7. 1. Amount of Gas When we inflate a balloon, we are adding gas molecules. Increasing the number of gas particles increases the number of collisions thus, pressure increases If temperature is constant, then doubling the number of particles doubles the pressure

8. Pressure and the number of molecules are directly related More molecules means more collisions, and… Fewer molecules means fewer collisions. Gases naturally move from areas of high pressure to low pressure, because there is empty space to move into

9. Using Gas Pressure A practical application is aerosol (spray) cans gas moves from higher pressure to lower pressure a propellant forces the product out whipped cream, hair spray, paint Fig. 14.5, page 416 Is the can really ever “empty”?

10. 2. Volume of Gas In a smaller container, the molecules have less room to move. The particles hit the sides of the container more often. As volume decreases, pressure increases. (syringe example) Thus, volume and pressure are inversely related to each other

11. 3. Temperature of Gas Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure, if the volume is held constant. (T and P are directly related) The faster moving molecules hit the walls harder, and more frequently! Should you throw an aerosol can into a fire? When should your automobile tire pressure be checked?

12. 14.2 The Gas Laws OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Describe the relationships among the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas Use the combined gas law to solve problems

13. The Gas Laws are mathematical The gas laws will describe HOW gases behave behavior can be predicted by theory The amount of change can be calculated with mathematical equations (laws) You need to know both of these: the theory, and the math

14. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Boyle was born into an aristocratic Irish family Became interested in medicine and the new science of Galileo and studied chemistry. A founder and an influential member of the Royal Society of London Wrote extensively on science, philosophy, and theology. Wore really cool clothes Don’t you love my swell scarf??

15. #1. Boyle’s Law - 1662 Gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume, at a constant temperature (Check out this cool animation)cool animation Pressure x Volume = a constant Equation: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 (at a constant T) As volume increases, pressure decreases An inverse relationship!

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17. Jacques Charles (1746-1823) French Physicist Part of a scientific balloon flight in 1783 – one of three passengers in the second balloon ascension that carried humans This is how his interest in gases started It was a hydrogen filled balloon – good thing they were careful!

18. #2. Charles’ Law - 1787 For a fixed mass (moles), gas volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature, when pressure is constant. This extrapolates to zero volume at a temperature of zero Kelvin. Charles’ Law Animation

19. Converting Celsius to Kelvin Gas law problems involving temperature always require Kelvin temperature. Kelvin =  C + 273 °C = Kelvin - 273 and

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21. Practice Problems 9-10 9.If a sample of gas occupies 6.80 L at 325 o C, what will its volume be at 25 o C if the pressure does not change? 10.Exactly 5.00 L of air at –50.0 o C is warmed to 100.0 o C. What is the new volume if the pressure remains constant?

22. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 – 1850)  French chemist and physicist  Known for his studies on the physical properties of gases.  In 1804 he made balloon ascensions to study magnetic forces and to observe the composition and temperature of the air at different altitudes.

23. #3. Gay-Lussac’s Law - 1802 The pressure and Kelvin temperature of a gas are directly proportional, provided that the volume remains constant. How does a pressure cooker affect the time needed to cook food? (Note page 422)

24. Practice Problems 11-12 11.A sample of nitrogen gas has a pressure of 6.58 kPa at 539 K. If the volume does not change, what will the pressure be at 211 K? 12.The pressure in a car tire is 198 kPa at 27 o C. After a long drive, the pressure is 225 kPa. What is the temperature of the air in the tire (assume the volume is constant).

25. #4. The Combined Gas Law The combined gas law expresses the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas.

26. Practice Problems 13-14 13.A gas at 155 kPa and 25 o C has an initial volume of 1.00 L. The pressure of the gas increases to 605 kPa as the temperature is raised to 125 o C. What is the new volume? 14.A 5.00 L air sample has a pressure of 107 kPa at – 50 o C. If the temperature is raised to 102 o C and the volume expands to 7.00 L, what will the new pressure be? See Sample Problem 14.4, page 424 if needed

27. The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! If the temperature remains constant... P1P1 V1V1 T1T1 x = P2P2 V2V2 T2T2 x Boyle’s Law

28. The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! If the pressure remains constant... P1P1 V1V1 T1T1 x = P2P2 V2V2 T2T2 x Charles’s Law

29. u The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! u If the volume remains constant... P1P1 V1V1 T1T1 x = P2P2 V2V2 T2T2 x Gay-Lussac’s Law

30. 14.3 Ideal Gases OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Compute the value of an unknown using the ideal gas law Compare and contrast real an ideal gases

31. 5. The Ideal Gas Law #1 Equation: P x V = n x R x T Pressure times Volume equals the number of moles (n) times the Ideal Gas Constant (R) times the Temperature in Kelvin. R = 8.31 (L x kPa) / (mol x K) The other units must match the value of the constant, in order to cancel out. The value of R could change, if other units of measurement are used for the other values (namely pressure changes)

32. Units and the Ideal Gas Law R = 8.31 L·kPa/K·mol (when P in kPa) R = 8.31 L·kPa/K·mol (when P in kPa) R = 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol (when P in atm) R = 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol (when P in atm) R = 62.4 L·mmHg/K·mol (when P in mmHg) R = 62.4 L·mmHg/K·mol (when P in mmHg) Temperature always in Kelvins!! Temperature always in Kelvins!!

33. We now have a new way to count moles (the amount of matter), by measuring T, P, and V. We aren’t restricted to only STP conditions: P x V R x T The Ideal Gas Law n =

34. Practice Problems A rigid container holds 685 L of He (g). At a temperature of 621 K, the pressure of the gas is 1.89 x 103 kPa. How many grams of gas does the container hold? A rigid container holds 685 L of He (g). At a temperature of 621 K, the pressure of the gas is 1.89 x 103 kPa. How many grams of gas does the container hold? A child’s lungs hold 2.20 L. How many moles of air (mostly N 2 and O 2 ) do the lungs hold at 37 o C and a pressure of 102 kPa. A child’s lungs hold 2.20 L. How many moles of air (mostly N 2 and O 2 ) do the lungs hold at 37 o C and a pressure of 102 kPa.

35. Ideal Gases We are going to assume the gases behave “ideally”- in other words, they obey the Gas Laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure Ideal gases do not really exist, but it makes the math easier and is a very close approximation. Particles have no volume? Wrong! No attractive forces? Wrong!

36. Ideal Gases There are no gases that are absolutely “ideal” however… Real gases do behave “ideally” at high temperature, and low pressure Because under these conditions, the gas particles themselves are so far apart they take up a very small proportion of the gas’s volume and the IM forces are so weak that they can be ignored

37. Ideal Gas Law: Useful Variations PV = nRT Replace n with mass/molar mass 1. 1.P x V = m x R x T M m = mass, in grams M = molar mass, in g/mol Rearrange equation 1 Molar mass = M = m R T P V n (moles) = mass (g) molar mass (g/mol)

38. Using Density in Gas Calculations Density is mass divided by volume m V so, we can use a density value to give us two values needed in PV = nRT Volume (usually 1 L) and… n, if we know the molar mass, because we can calculate it grams (from D) x 1 mole grams D =

39. Using Density in Gas Calculations What is the pressure of a sample of CO 2 at 25 o C, with a density of 2.0 g/L? What is the pressure of a sample of CO 2 at 25 o C, with a density of 2.0 g/L? PV = nRT  P = V = 1 L, R = 8.31 L·kPa / mol·K V = 1 L, R = 8.31 L·kPa / mol·K n = 2.0 g x 1 mole/44.0 g = 0.045 mole n = 2.0 g x 1 mole/44.0 g = 0.045 mole P = 0.045 mole x 8.31 x 298 K = 113 kPa P = 0.045 mole x 8.31 x 298 K = 113 kPa 1 L nRT V

41. Ideal Gases don’t exist, because: 1. 1. Molecules do take up space 2. 2. There are attractive forces between particles - otherwise there would be no liquids

42. Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases... When the molecules are far apart. The molecules take up a very small percentage of the space We can ignore the particle volume. True at low pressures and/or high temperatures

43. Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases… When molecules are moving fast = high temperature Collisions are harder and faster. Molecules are not next to each other very long. Attractive forces can’t play a role.

44. Real Gases do NOT Behave Ideally… When temperature is very low When temperature is very low Because the low KE means particles may interact with one another for longer periods of time, allowing weaker IM forces to have an effect Because the low KE means particles may interact with one another for longer periods of time, allowing weaker IM forces to have an effect When the pressure are high When the pressure are high Because the particles are smashed together more closely and thus occupy a much greater percentage of the volume Because the particles are smashed together more closely and thus occupy a much greater percentage of the volume

45. 14.4 Gas Mixtures & Movements OBJECTIVES: Relate the total pressure of a mixture of gases to the partial pressures of its component gases Explain how the molar mass of a gas affects the rate at which it diffuses and effuses

46. #7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures For a mixture of gases in a container, P Total = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 +... P 1 represents the “partial pressure”, or the contribution by that gas. Dalton’s Law is useful in calculating the pressure of gases collected over water – a common lab technique

47. Collecting a Gas over Water A common lab technique for collecting and measuring a gas produced by a chemical reaction A common lab technique for collecting and measuring a gas produced by a chemical reaction The bottle is filled with water and inverted in a pan of water The bottle is filled with water and inverted in a pan of water As the gas is produced in a separate container, tubing is used to carry it to the bottle where it displaces the water in the bottle As the gas is produced in a separate container, tubing is used to carry it to the bottle where it displaces the water in the bottle When the level of the gas in the bottle is even with the water in the pan, the pressure in the bottle = atmospheric pressure When the level of the gas in the bottle is even with the water in the pan, the pressure in the bottle = atmospheric pressure A graduated cylinder is often used to collect the gas (for ease of measuring the gas volume) A graduated cylinder is often used to collect the gas (for ease of measuring the gas volume) Atmospheric pressure Gas being produced

48. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures If the gas in containers 1, 2 & 3 are all put into the fourth, the pressure in container 4 = the sum of the pressures in the first 3 2 atm + 1 atm + 3 atm = 6 atm 1 2 3 4

49. Practice Problems Determine the total pressure of a gas mixture containing oxygen, nitrogen and helium: P O 2 = 20.0 kPa, P N 2 = 46.7 kPa, P He = 20.0 kPa. Determine the total pressure of a gas mixture containing oxygen, nitrogen and helium: P O 2 = 20.0 kPa, P N 2 = 46.7 kPa, P He = 20.0 kPa. A gas mixture containing oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide has a total pressure of 32.9 kPa. If P O 2 = 6.6 kPa and P N 2 = 23.0 kPa, what is the P CO 2 ? A gas mixture containing oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide has a total pressure of 32.9 kPa. If P O 2 = 6.6 kPa and P N 2 = 23.0 kPa, what is the P CO 2 ?

50. Diffusion and Effusion Effusion = gas particles escaping through a tiny hole in a container Both diffusion and effusion depend on the molar mass of the particle, which determines the speed at a given temperature (= average KE) u Diffusion = molecules moving from areas of high to areas of low concentration u Is mathematical phenomenon caused by random movements of gas particles

51. Diffusion describes the mixing of gases Molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration A function of probability Fig. 14.18, p. 435 Two gases mix after the wall separating them is removed.

52. Effusion: a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container - balloons slowly lose air over time Diffusion and effusion are explained by the next gas law: Graham’s

53. 8. Graham’s Law The rate of effusion and diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar masses (M) of the gases. Relationship based on: KE = ½ mv 2 At a given temperature (avg KE) larger molecules will have lower velocities Rate A M B Rate B M A =

54. Graham’s Law Explained Temperature is a measure of the average KE of the particles in a sample of matter Temperature is a measure of the average KE of the particles in a sample of matter At a given temperature (say 25 o C), the molecules of a lighter gas will be moving faster than molecules of a heavier one, so… At a given temperature (say 25 o C), the molecules of a lighter gas will be moving faster than molecules of a heavier one, so… Faster-moving particles spread out faster! Faster-moving particles spread out faster! Light Gas = N 2 (mw = 28 g/mol) Heavy Gas = CO 2 (mw = 44 g/mol) KE = ½ m v 2

55. Sample: compare rates of effusion of Helium (He) with Nitrogen (N 2 ) – p. 436 With effusion and diffusion, the type of particle is important: Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher molar mass. Helium effuses and diffuses 2.7 times faster than nitrogen – thus, helium escapes from a balloon quicker than air, which is ~79% N 2 ! Graham’s Law