1. Heredity Chapter 11

2. Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring is called ___________________. The science that studies how those characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next is called ___________________ heredity Genetics

3. The Father of Genetics is _________________, a monk whose study of genetic traits was the beginning of our understanding about how genes work. Gregor Mendel

4. Mendel experimented using ___________ _______ part of flower makes ________ __________ part of flower makes _______ cells Pea plants Pollen MALE FEMALE egg

5. In pea plants, the pollen normally joins with an egg from the same plant (self-pollinating) so seeds have one parent

6. MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________ If allowed to _________________ they would produce ____________________ to themselves. true breeding self pollinate offspring identical

7. MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel removed pollen – making parts and added pollen from another plant. This allowed him to _____________ plants with ______________ characteristics and study the results different cross-breed

8. A specific characteristic is called a ________ trait

9. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS P 1 generation (_________) generation generation F1F1 F2F2 parental

10. When Mendel crossed PLANTS with 2 contrasting traits: (EX: Tall crossed with short) He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY one trait showed in the F 1 generation BUT... 2. Missing trait returned in the F 2 generation in a 3:1 ratio

12. Must be a pair of factors controlling a trait…one can hide the other

13. The factors are GENES carried on the pair of homologous chromosomes Different gene choices for a trait are called alleles

14. __________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele __________________ = An allele that __________________ the presence of another allele DOMINANT RECESSIVE HIDES is hidden by

15. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital lower-case T t NOT S for short Dominant Recessive

16. HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID HOMOZYGOUS PURE SAME TT tt DIFFERENT Tt

17. PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ The ____________of an organism is its _____________ GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE genetic makeup appearance

18. Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F 1 generation and reappear in the F 2 ? Image modified from: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html The pattern corresponds to the ____________ of ______________ during ____________________ MEIOSIS movement chromosomes

19. REMEMBER _____________ chromosomes ________________ during ANAPHASE I = _________________ SEGREGATION Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif HOMOLOGOUS SEPARATE

20. ____ offspring __________ an allele for tallness from their _______ parent and an allele for shortness from their ________ parent. The F 1 plants ALL ___________ but are ___________ an allele for _____________ TALL Images from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 SHORT LOOK TALL F 1 received carrying shortness

21. alleles are separated when the F 1 plants ______________ When these gametes recombined to make the F 2 generation, the _____________ trait _______________ in ¼ of the offspring EXPLAINING the F 1 CROSS LAW OF ___________________ SEGREGATION Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 recessive made gametes reappears

22. MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________ MONOHYBRID CROSS ONE GENE

23. DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

24. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

25. LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm