1. 呼吸系统 Respiratory System
泰山医学院人体解剖学教研室
赵振美

2. Composition Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea
lower respiratory tract
Bronchi
肺Lungs-paired organs of respiration
Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

3. 鼻 Nose

4. 鼻 Nose External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose
Alae of nasi
Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum

5. Two parts: Divided by鼻阈 limen nasi Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity
Boundaries of proper nasal cavity
Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid
Floor－hard palate
Medial wall－nasal septum
Lateral wall
Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior
Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior
Sphenoethmoidal recess

6. Remove the middle nasal conchae
半月裂孔Semilunar hiatus
筛漏斗Ethmoidal infundibulum
筛泡Ethmoidal bulla

7. Mucous membrane of nose
嗅区Olfactory region: located upper nasal cavity, above superior，nasal conchae，contains olfactory cells
呼吸区Respiratory region : its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

8. 鼻旁窦The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose
Name of sinus
Site of drainage
Frontal sinus
Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus
Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses
anterior group
middle group
posterior group
Middle meatus
Superior nasal meatus

9. Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

10. 喉The Larynx
Position－situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6

11. 喉软骨Layngeal cartilages
甲状软骨Thyroid cartilage
Shield-shaped cartilage
Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch
Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior cornua
环状软骨Cricoid cartilage
Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring)
Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C6
Lamina of cricoid cartilage

12. Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
杓状软骨Arytenoid
Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold
Muscular process
会厌软骨Epiglottic cartilage leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

13. 环甲关节cricothyroid joint 环杓关节cricoarytenoid joint
喉的关节Laryngeal joints
环甲关节cricothyroid joint
环杓关节cricoarytenoid joint
喉韧带和膜Laryngeal ligaments and membrane
甲状舌骨膜Thyrohyroid membrane －extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

14. －between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea
方形膜Quadrangular membrane
Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Lower free border forms前庭韧带vestibular ligament
弹性圆锥Conus elasticus
Between thyroid,arytenoids, and cricoid cartilages
Upper free border forms声韧带vocal ligament
Median cricothyroid ligment 环甲正中韧带：may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction
环状软骨气管韧带Cricotracheal ligament
－between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea

15. 喉肌Muscles of larynx
Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－环甲肌cricothyroid
Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－甲杓肌thyroarytenoid
Opening the glottis－环杓后肌posterior cricoarytenoid
Closing the glottis－ 杓肌cricoarytenoid

16. 喉腔Laryngeal cavity
Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

17. Two pairs of shelf like folds :
Structure features
Two pairs of shelf like folds :
Vestibular folds 前庭襞
Vocal folds 声襞
Two fissures
Rima vestibuli 前庭裂
Fissure of glottis 声门裂
Inter membranous part膜间部 －anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds
Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部 －posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

18. Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节
Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔
Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis
Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔
extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

19. 气管The Trachea
Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi
Structure features
Consists of about 14－17 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective
气管隆嵴Carina of trachea －ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi