1. THE COLD WAR BEGINS

2. I.Review – WWII Conferences  Tehran (November 1943)  Yalta (February 1945)  buffer zone in Eastern Europe?  free elections?  division of Germany into 4 zones  Potsdam (July 1945)  Stalin, Truman & Clement Atlee (new GB PM)  became clear that Stalin would not allow free elections in Eastern Europe  the changing dynamics at Potsdam helped to set the stage for the Cold War  US wanted to spread democracy to nations that had been under Nazi rule; right of self-determination  USSR wanted security & compensation for its costs in WWII  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VdXTw4q6y8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VdXTw4q6y8

3. II. The Iron Curtain  speech by Winston Churchill in Fulton, MO (1946)  see quote, p. 849 & map, p. 851  phrase stands for a divided Europe  satellite states – definition & examples  divided Germany & Berlin  see map, p. 851  Cold War – definition  containment - definition

4. III. Greece & Turkey (1947)  Greek Civil War (1946-47)  communist vs. anti-communist forces (supported by GB)  fear – what would happen if the communists won?  answer: The Truman Doctrine (1947)  “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” – Harry Truman  1947-50 – U.S. sent $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey to stop the spread of communism  early articulation of the “domino theory”

5. IV. The Marshall Plan (1947)  named after U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall  officially called the European Recovery Program  provided funds for the reconstruction of Europe  Sec. of State Marshall – money was intended “not for any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos”  16 countries received $13 billion in aid  offered to the USSR & its satellites – but was not accepted  instead, the USSR founded COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

6. V. Germany  see map, p. 851  four zones of occupation  Jan. 1948 – US, GB & FR announced plans to create the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)  new currency: Deutschemark  Soviet response? – Berlin Blockade  Allied response? – Berlin Airlift  round-the-clock flights (200,000+ in total)  2.3 million tons of food & supplies  “Candy Bomber” – Gail Halvorsen  2 Germanys  West Germany = Federal Republic of Germany  East Germany = German Democratic Republic

7. VI. Soviet Economic Transformations  review – Stalin’s Five Year Plans  by 1950, Soviet industrial production had increase 40% from pre-war levels  heavy industry  developing arms race?  cost for workers?  anti-intellectual campaign (late 1940s)

8. VII. Arms & Alliances  Sept. 1949 – USSR exploded its 1 st atomic bomb  had stolen plans from Los Alamos  initiated the arms race  collective security agreements (alliances)  NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded in 1949  Warsaw Pact – founded in 1955  see map, p. 852  also had SEATO, CENTO – all devoted to containing the spread of communism  ICBMs = intercontinental ballistic missiles  could hit target halfway around the world in 30-45 minutes  dramatic shift in the delivery of nuclear weapons  Sputnik – 1957  the 1 st man-made object to orbit the Earth

9. VIII. The Berlin Wall (1961)  Joseph Stalin died in 1953  new leader = Nikita Khrushchev  worked to normalize relations with the US  de-Stalinization @ 20 th Party Congress (1956)  increased freedoms Solzhenitsyn & One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich  situation in Berlin?  “brain drain”  the Berlin Wall went up overnight in August 1961 (and remained in place until November 1989)  the most visible symbol of the “iron curtain”