1. Ecological Terminology Niche = the role of the species in a specific area Niche = the role of the species in a specific area

2. Ecological Terminology Fundamental niche = the potential space that could be used by a species Fundamental niche = the potential space that could be used by a species Realized niche = part of the fundamental niche that is actually used by a species Realized niche = part of the fundamental niche that is actually used by a species

3. Ecological Terminology Habitat = the place where a group of animals live Habitat = the place where a group of animals live

4. Ecological Terminology Population = a group of the same species Population = a group of the same species

5. Ecological Terminology Community = the many different species that live in a habitat Community = the many different species that live in a habitat

6. Ecological Terminology Ecosystem = the community of species and the physical features in an area Ecosystem = the community of species and the physical features in an area

7. Ecological Terminology Biotic features = the living features in an ecosystem Biotic features = the living features in an ecosystem

8. Ecological Terminology Biodiversity = the variety of living species Biodiversity = the variety of living species

9. Ecological Terminology Flora = the plants Flora = the plants

10. Ecological Terminology Fauna = the animals Fauna = the animals

11. Ecological Terminology Abiotic Features = the nonliving features in an ecosystem Abiotic Features = the nonliving features in an ecosystem

12. Ecological Terminology Primary succession = succession that occurs where no species existed before Primary succession = succession that occurs where no species existed before

13. Ecological Terminology Pioneer Species = first species to enter an area Pioneer Species = first species to enter an area

14. Ecological Terminology Secondary succession = succession in areas that have established species Secondary succession = succession in areas that have established species

15. Tropical Rainforest Long wet period, short dry period Long wet period, short dry period Hot all year Hot all year Rich variety of life Rich variety of life

16. Tropical Rainforest

17. Deserts Little moisture Little moisture Varying daily temps Varying daily temps Poor variety of life Poor variety of life

18. Deserts

19. Savanna (tropical grassland) Wet season / dry season Wet season / dry season Warm all year Warm all year Characterized by tall grasses and few trees Characterized by tall grasses and few trees

20. Savanna

21. Temperate grassland Wet season / dry season Wet season / dry season Seasons Seasons Also known as the Pampas (S.A.) an the Steppe (Asia) Also known as the Pampas (S.A.) an the Steppe (Asia)

22. Temperate Grassland

23. Deciduous Forest Moderate precip all year Moderate precip all year Definite seasons Definite seasons Characterized by deciduous trees (oak,elm) Characterized by deciduous trees (oak,elm)

24. Deciduous Forest

25. Taiga Moderate precipitation Moderate precipitation Cold winters / cool summers Cold winters / cool summers Characterized by coniferous trees (pines) Characterized by coniferous trees (pines)

26. Taiga

27. Tundra Dry season / wet season Dry season / wet season Cold all year Cold all year Characterized by prermafrost and lack of trees Characterized by prermafrost and lack of trees

28. Tundra

29. I. Species= a group of organisms that can interbreed successfully

30. - New species can be created by isolation

31. - Species can be lost by extinction * Can be result of natural selection or man-mad

32. Types of Population Growth Exponential Growth = rapid growth due to lack of limiting factors Exponential Growth = rapid growth due to lack of limiting factors * forms a “J” curve * forms a “J” curve

33. Types of Population Growth - Logistic Growth = slow growth when controlled by factors * forms an “S” curve * forms an “S” curve

34. Size of Populations Large = too large can create shortages of resources Large = too large can create shortages of resources

35. Size of Populations Small = too small can lead to inbreeding Small = too small can lead to inbreeding

36. Populations 3. Density = number of individuals in a given area

37. Dispersion of Populations

38. Density Dependent Factors = dependent on the # of animals Food, water Food, water Disease, parasites Disease, parasites Predator / prey Predator / prey

39. Density Independent Factors = not influenced by population numbers Weather Events Weather Events Changes in ecosystem Changes in ecosystem

40. Carrying Capacity Maximum # of indiv. an environment can support Maximum # of indiv. an environment can support

41. Native Species Have always existed in an area Have always existed in an area

42. Immigrant Species = are new to an area (introduced, exotic)

43. Indicator Species Change quickly in response to changes in the environment Change quickly in response to changes in the environment

44. Keystone species Actions lead to changes in many different species Actions lead to changes in many different species

45. “r” Strategists Little parental care Little parental care High mortality High mortality High fluctuation in population High fluctuation in population

46. “k” Strategist Intense parental care Intense parental care High survivability High survivability Stable populations Stable populations

47. Interaction Among Species A. Predation = one organism feeds off another

48. Interaction Among Species B. Parasitism = one organism feeds off anther without killing it

49. Interaction Among Species 1.Host = organism that supports the parasite 2. Ectoparasite = parasite that lives on the outside of the body

50. Interaction Among Species 3. Endoparasite = parasite that lives inside the host

51. Interaction Among Species 1. Mutualism = relationship in which both members benefit

52. Interaction Among Species 2. Commensalism = relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not affected.

53. Defense by Plants A. Chemical = production of toxins

54. Defense by plants

55. Defense by Plants B.Mechanical = growth of thorns, spines or release of sticky secretions

56. Defense by Plants

57. C. Biotic = host protective species

58. Defense by Animals A. Cammoflauge = blend in to environment

59. Defense by Animals B. Aposematic coloration = “warning” colors

60. Defense by Animals C. Chemical = production of repellents

61. Defense by Animals D. Structural = barriers against attack

62. Defense by Animals E. Behavioral = behavior discourages attack

63. Mutualism Both members benefit Both members benefit Ex: Rhino and oxpecker Ex: Rhino and oxpecker

64. Parasitism One member benefits and the other is harmed One member benefits and the other is harmed ex: cat and tapeworm ex: cat and tapeworm

65. Commensalism One member benefits and the other is not affected One member benefits and the other is not affected ex: clown fish and sea anemone ex: clown fish and sea anemone

66. Water Cycle Evaporation = liquid to gas Evaporation = liquid to gas Transpiration = release of water vapor from plants Transpiration = release of water vapor from plants Condensation = water droplets form Condensation = water droplets form Precipitation = droplets fall Precipitation = droplets fall

67. Carbon Cycle Carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis Carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis - some carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean and is used by shellfish to make their shells - some carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean and is used by shellfish to make their shells * plants and oceans are carbon “reservoirs” * plants and oceans are carbon “reservoirs”

68. Carbon Cycle Plants and animals return CO2 to the air during respiration and decomposition Plants and animals return CO2 to the air during respiration and decomposition

69. Carbon Cycle Some plants and animals die and form fossil fuels Some plants and animals die and form fossil fuels

70. Carbon Cycle Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the air Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the air

71. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation = atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia compounds Nitrogen Fixation = atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia compounds - N2 cannot be used directly by plants - N2 cannot be used directly by plants - process takes place in the roots of legumes by bacteria - process takes place in the roots of legumes by bacteria

72. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrification = ammonia compounds are converted into nitrates Nitrification = ammonia compounds are converted into nitrates

73. Nitrogen Cycle Assimilation = plants use the nitrates Assimilation = plants use the nitrates

74. Nitrogen Cycle Dentrification = left over ammonia is converted into atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria in soil and released into the air Dentrification = left over ammonia is converted into atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria in soil and released into the air