1. 1800 Napoleon in charge France 1900 1848 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna: *Needs to deal with aftermath of Napoleon 1.What to do about political borders? 2.What to do about gov’ts? 3.How to handle France? -War -Conflict -Spread of Napoleonic Code -Conflict between liberalism and conservativism -series of revolts throughout Europe: -France -Germanic states -Italian states -Austria -Poland -Greece -Balkans -some countries have multiple revolts “Spring of Nations” “Springtime of the Peoples” “The Year of Revolution” Conservativism wins out, with a few compromises: 1.Absolute monarchies are gone: -Still monarchies, just not absolute -One BIG exception = RUSSIA 2.Measured success: Western part of Europe had more liberal reforms Eastern part of Europe less successful 3.Dissatisfaction and Unsolved problems: Workers did most of rioting/fighting; left with nothing in the end Middle class benefited most and compromised for own sake :. Growing resentment amongst working class, esp in eastern Europe 4. Nationalism increases

2. The Allies that had led the coalition against Napoleon sealed the fate of France with the Treaty of Paris…

3. Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Great Britain) Tsar Alexander I (Russia) King Frederick William III (Prussia) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (France)

4. …Main Objective of the Treaty: To undo everything Napoleon had done: Redraw the map of Europe Reestablish old rulers to power Make the big powers happy so that there would be peace in Europe To undo everything Napoleon had done: Redraw the map of Europe Reestablish old rulers to power Make the big powers happy so that there would be peace in Europe

5. Outcome of the Congress: Compare this map of Europe in 1812 to…

6. Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815)

7. Key Principles Established at Vienna Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation

8. What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna? The aim was not to restore ancient injustices practiced before the revolutionary regimes, but to establish peace in Europe after years of war and chaos. – royal governments would: – provide stability – suppress nationalist and liberal rebels With Metternich’s help, France was not crushed in 1815. – Metternich was concerned with 3 things: – Keeping France at bay – Maintaining a balance of power – Suppressing nationalistic rebellions Congress of Vienna set the stage for subsequent revolutions. – Ignored liberal & nationalist aspirations of down trodden people – underestimated the new nationalism and liberalism generated by the French Revolution – American and French Revolutions were powerful examples

9. Reaction to the New Map GOAL: create peace between dominant powers UNEXPECTED SIDE EFFECT: Revolt Discontent came from groups within new borders: -wanted greater say in their government -wanted gov’t more representative of their own interests -wanted “freedom” from “foreign control” In the 20 th century these ideas are expressed as: -self-rule -self-determination

10. 1848

11. Liberalism vs. Conservatism Definition: broad umbrella term referring to desire to bring reform (changes to the socio-political structure) Definition: Term referring to the belief that the mark of a good society lay in stability and longevity, NOT “progress” and change Who were they? Middle class reformers, university students, urban working class, nationalists Who were they? Royalty, aristocracy, army (military), and rural peasants What did they want? -more participation in gov’t -expanded suffrage -representative gov’t -self-determination -self-rule What did they want? -society is hierarchical -believed that people expressing their individualism and self-interests lead to social conflict, not social harmony -keep the liberals/nationalists at bay

12. Characteristics of Liberalism Liberals viewed history as dynamic. The basis of society is a contract btwn peoples & their gov’t. Gov’t should be reflective of the needs and desires of all its citizens. There are essential rights that need to be ensured. Progress and change are the hallmarks of a good society. The only legitimate sources of political authority is the will of the people. They embrace the “social contract” theory. The ability to pursue self-interest will result in progress and balance in society. Embraced individualism and natural rights. To liberal, social order was fluid.

13. Characteristics of Conservatism Conservatives viewed history as a continuum. The basis of society is organic, not contractual. Stability & longevity, not progress and change, mark a good society. The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history. They rejected the “social contract” theory. Conservatives believed that self-interests do not lead to social harmony, but to social conflict. Denounced individualism and natural rights. To conservatives, society was hierarchical.

14. Reasons For 1848 Revolution s dissatisfaction with political leadership demand for more participation and democracy demands of the working classes nationalism royalty, aristocracy, army, and peasants ability to regroup and strengthen forces

15. “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.” -Metternich Liberty Leading the People, by Delacroix Revolutions of 1848 often called: “Spring of Nations” “Springtime of the Peoples” “Year of Revolution” WHY? ad hoc coalition of middle class reformers, urban workers, students, nationalists

16. Why do we care about these unsuccessful revolutions?! 1. Brought an end to most absolutist governments (NOT MONARCHIES AS A WHOLE) 2. Eventually led the way to founding nation states 3. Successful only in western Europe where revolutions were led by middle class and supported by urban lower classes 4. Revolutions left many people unsatisfied and many problems unsolved – workers did most of rioting and fighting and left with nothing in the end while middle class benefited – growing resentment amongst the working class, especially in eastern Europe.