1. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Technology And Grain For Woodturners

2. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Features Of A Log

3. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Grain 1 Wood is a fibrous material The fibers run along the trunk of the tree and along the length of the limbs Boards are cut with the fibers running the length of the board In a board, the grain may be wavy or it may run from one face of the board to the other.

4. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Grain 2

5. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb How Logs Dry

6. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Log Shrinkage

7. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Shrinking Affects Boards Courtesy Chris Pye and the Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Ltd.

8. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Slash Sawing Of Lumber

9. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Quarter Sawing

10. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Cutting With The Grain Courtesy Chris Pye and the Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Ltd.

11. Cutting Against The Grain Courtesy Chris Pye and the Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Ltd.

12. Cutting Across The Grain Courtesy Chris Pye and the Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Ltd.

13. Wavy Grain Courtesy Chris Pye and the Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Ltd.

14. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Hardwood Have leaves which are shed in the winter Softwood Have cones and needles which are not shed

15. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Hardwood Lumber Grades Clear Firsts and seconds (FAS) Select Common

16. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Softwood Lumber Grades Construction grades No. 1 common is worth using Appearance grades ‘A Select’ through ‘D Select’

17. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Board Feet Lumber is sold by the board foot 144 cubic inches in any configuration EXAMPLES 1 x 7 x 10 is 0.49 board feet (bd ft) 2 x 8 x 25 is 2.78 bd ft 1 x 12 x 12 is 1.00 bd ft

18. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Green Nothing to do with color Means the wood has not been dried

19. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Air Dried Water is removed by stacking and letting the wood dry to equilibrium with the ambient air. It will dry to between 12% and 4% moisture content. Most imported woods (exotics) are sold partially air dried (PAD).

20. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology Kiln Dried Wood is dried in an oven at about 120 degrees F. It takes about 6 weeks to dry a 1” board. Chemicals to inhibit mold and fungi are applied to the wood Most domestic woods are sold kiln dried

21. Copyright © 2011 John W. Cobb Wood Terminology PAD Partially Air Dried Many exotics are sold as PAD