1. Pojer adapted by Anderson

2. Define the Industrial Revolution. Production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinesProduction shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines Long, slow process beginning in England and spreading to the rest of the worldLong, slow process beginning in England and spreading to the rest of the world

4. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

5. Why did Changes in Agriculture have to occur first? Farming methods improveFarming methods improve Experiment with different crops and soil- turnipsExperiment with different crops and soil- turnips Jethro Tull invents the Seed DrillJethro Tull invents the Seed Drill

6. The Enclosure Movement  Took over land commonly used by all  Larger plots of land- more productive  Many small farmers and farm laborers were without a job  Moved to the cities looking for work- provided the labor force for the factories

7. “ Enclosed ” Lands Today

8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

9. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

10. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible.  “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”  “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.  Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

12. Young Coal Miners

13. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

14. British Pig Iron Production

15. Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame” Read about Arkwright’s Life

16. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Corporation: investors put in $, get a % of the profit

17. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

18. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

19. Textile Factory Workers in England- read children in the mills

20. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

21. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

22. Age of workers in cotton mills in Lancashire in 1833 AgeMalesFemales under 11246155 11 - 161,1691,123 17 - 217361,240 22 - 26612780 27 - 31355295 32 - 36215100 37 - 4116881 42 - 469838 47 - 518823 52 - 56414 57 - 61283

23. Age of workers in cotton mills in Lancashire in 1833 AgeMalesFemales under 11246155 11 - 161,1691,123 17 - 217361,240 22 - 26612780 27 - 31355295 32 - 36215100 37 - 4116881 42 - 469838 47 - 518823 52 - 56414 57 - 61283

24. Young “ Bobbin-Doffers ”

26. John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

27. The Power Loom- by The Power Loom- by Edmund Cartwright

28. James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

29. Steam Tractor

30. Steam Ship

31. An Early Steam Locomotive

32. Later Locomotives

33. The Impact of the Railroad

34. “ The Great Land Serpent ”

35. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

36. Queen Victoria Opens the Great Exhibition

37. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

38. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

39. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

41. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

42. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

43. “ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

45. Industrial Staffordshire

46. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

47. The New Industrial City

48. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

49. Worker Housing in Manchester

50. Factory Workers at Home

51. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

52. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

53. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

54. Private Charities: The “ Lady Bountifuls ”

56. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. WHY??

57. The Luddites

58. The Neo-Luddites Today

60. Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith- The Wealth of NationsAdam Smith- The Wealth of Nations Government should not interfere in the economy Free market= unregulated exchange of goods and services Produce more goods and lower prices benefiting everyone

61. Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. Don’t provide charity or vaccines! × Food supply will then keep up with population.

62. David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × wages naturally tend to fall to the minimum level necessary for subsistence × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages. × Government should not help the poor- let them help themselves through hard work and thrift

63. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

64. Jeremy Bentham

65. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

66. Owen ’ s Utopia Robert Owen- social reformerRobert Owen- social reformer Cotton Mill Owner- could have good working conditions and still turn a profitCotton Mill Owner- could have good working conditions and still turn a profit –Cut hours –Built homes –Started schools –Company store

67. Karl Marx- Communism The Proletariat (workers) could not continue to work in the horrible conditionsThe Proletariat (workers) could not continue to work in the horrible conditions Predicted: workers of the world would unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie (owners)Predicted: workers of the world would unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie (owners) Replace government with a dictatorship of the proletariatReplace government with a dictatorship of the proletariat –All the workers would own the means of production –Work to their interest and ability

69. Government Response k Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. k Sadler Commission to look into working conditions  Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] –cut the cost of helping the poor.  Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

70. British Reform Bill of 1832

71. British Reform Bills

73. Industrialization By 1850

74. Railroads on the Continent

75. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

76. Bibliographic Sources ) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart /ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html ) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c- eight/primary.htm