1. Supreme Court 2009

2. Original Meaning “ How would a reasonable person living at the time of ratification have understood these words to mean?” Any change to the constitution should be done via amendments and not by judicial interpretation. Judges should not inject their personal ideas and values into the constitution. Living Constitution The constitution should be continually evolving with the society that implements it. Societal change and progress should be taken into account.

3. Judicial Conservatism This philosophy is marked by the belief that the U.S. Constitution is a firmly defined document that is not open to evolution or modernization. Tend to be pro-life and more lenient with matters of church and state. Nominated by republicans

4. John Roberts Chief Justice of the Court Appointed in 2005 by Bush Age 54 Conservative

5. John Paul Stevens Appointed in 1975 by Ford Age 89 Moderate Liberal Seen as fair and distinguished

6. Antonin Scalia Appointed 1986 by Reagan Age 70 Judicial Conservative Core member of the conservative wing.

7. Anthony Kennedy Appointed 1987 by Reagan Age 74 Swing vote on social issues. Very prominent in the public

8. David H. Souter Appointed in 1990 by Bush Age 66 Moderate to Liberal Hates Washington D.C. Never watchesTV. Bush’s first appointment.

9. Clarence Thomas Appointed in 1991 by Bush Age 58 Judicial Conservative Republican

10. Stephen G. Breyer Appointed 1994 by Clinton Age 68 Liberal Loves his job and has great enthusiasm for it

11. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Appointed in 1993 by Clinton Age 76 Liberal 1 st Jewish person and 2 nd women

12. Samuel Alito Appointed in 2006 by Bush Age 59 Conservative but has a liberatarian streak