1. Franklin, C. N., G. J. Holland, and P. T. May, 2005: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone rainbands to ice-phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2473-2493. Franklin, C. N., G. J. Holland, and P. T. May, 2005: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone rainbands to ice-phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2473-2493. Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995: Sensitivity of squall-line rear inflow to ice microphysics and environmental humidity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3175-3193. Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995: Sensitivity of squall-line rear inflow to ice microphysics and environmental humidity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3175-3193.

2. Yang and Houze (1995)

10. g kg -1 C D Rain (red) Snow (black) Graupel (color) A B Over Ocean After Landfall

11. g kg -1 h -1 Condensation Evaporation Deposition Melting Sublimation Over Ocean After Landfall

12. Microphysics Sensitivity Experiments ExperimentDescriptionWARM Warm rain processes only Warm rain processes only NEVP No evaporation of raindrops NMLT No melting of snowflakes and graupels NSUB No sublimation of snowflakes and graupels

13. WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB

14. Time series of central pressure and maximum surface wind

15. WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB dBZ Color: radar echo Contour: Condensational Heating

16. WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB g kg -1 Red: rain Black: snow Color: graupel

17. Simulated Surface Radar Reflectivity of an Idealized TC

24. ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

25. qrqc qg qi qs Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupelLower graupel collection efficiency Hail

27. qr qg qs qi qc ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

28. CV SF Total Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

29. CV SF Total Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

30. SF CV Total ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

31. Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

33. Control

34. Faster graupel fall speed

35. Larger graupel

36. Lower graupel collection efficiency

37. Hail

38. Summary Reducing N0g → increasing graupel mean size → incresing graupel fall speed → slightly decreasing total sfc rainfall → more snow transported into the stratiform region. Reducing N0g → increasing graupel mean size → incresing graupel fall speed → slightly decreasing total sfc rainfall → more snow transported into the stratiform region. Reducing graupel collection efficiency → increasing snow → larger stratiform region → the largest effect on total surface rainfall. Reducing graupel collection efficiency → increasing snow → larger stratiform region → the largest effect on total surface rainfall. Increasing graupel fall speed → more graupel confined to the convective region → high rain rate in the TC ’ s inner core. Increasing graupel fall speed → more graupel confined to the convective region → high rain rate in the TC ’ s inner core. The model is most sensitive to changes in garupel fall speed parameters; the parameters in Run D give a more typical representation of TC precipitation than the other runs for the comparisons in this study. The model is most sensitive to changes in garupel fall speed parameters; the parameters in Run D give a more typical representation of TC precipitation than the other runs for the comparisons in this study.