1. Global Warming And the Planetary Water Cycle Ruth Curry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ruth Curry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Global Warming And the Planetary Water Cycle

2. Global climate change is not just about temperature…. A snowman’s perspective

3. It is expected that the planetary water cycle – Evaporation/Condensation/Precipitation and Freezing/Melting – will be altered as a result of global warming. There is ample evidence of it already happening…

4. Precipitation patterns are changing on global scales…

5. Salinity changes are the fingerprint of increasing evaporation from the low latitude oceans….. Low latitude surface waters have become markedly more saline Water masses formed at high latitudes have become fresher … and freshwater being added to the oceans at high latitudes.

6. Atlantic Ocean Salinity Changes 1990s compared to 1960s from Curry et al. Nature (2003)

7. Increased river discharge Increased precipitation appears to be the dominant factor elevating continental runoff into the Arctic basins which is contributing to salinity decreases in the North Atlantic

8. 1979 2000 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Summer Arctic Sea Ice is shrinking and thinning

9. NY Times June 8, 2004 Greenland is melting

10. Antarctica is still gaining mass, but its ice shelves are growing unstable, increasing the surge of land ice into the ocean

11. Ocean warming and melting land ice are causing sea level to rise

12. Too much freshwater added to key locations could disrupt ocean circulation and its transport of heat

13. Conveyor ON

14. Conveyor OFF

16. NorthSouth Denmark Strait NorthSouth Denmark Strait … and changing the density of waters that feed the overflows – the first steps toward slowing the Ocean Conveyor Since the 1990s, freshwater has been accumulating in the surface layers of the Nordic Seas …

17. This does not mean the Ocean Conveyor will shut down, but that conditions are moving in a direction favorable for doing so. Conveyor ONConveyor OFF

18. Earth’s freshwater balance is being pushed out of kilter by rising GHG concentrations, and this is expected to amplify in the foreseeable future. A scientist’s perspective: Sea level rise and freshwater resources will be among the major issues confronting ecosystems and economies in the 21 st century. Curb fossil fuel emissions – as soon as possible. It is not a question of “if”…. but rather a question of “when” and “how fast”