1. 19-1 The Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution
Began in Great Britain 1780s
Causes
Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops = increased food supply
More people can be fed at lower price w/less labor
2. With more food = bigger population. Enclosure movement (fenced off common land) = more people moving to the city to work in factories

3. Cont.
Britain had ready supply of money to invest in new machines and factories.
Laissez-faire market economy controlled by supply and demand, not gov’t
4. Britain had plentiful natural resources.
Rivers for transportation, coal and iron ore.
5. Britain had supply of market; had vast colonial empire.

4. Changes in Cotton Production
Cotton was woven into cloth by independent people in their own homes or cottages - “cottage industry”
Technological innovations make spinning cloth faster and cheaper
Spinning Jenny (1764) – James Hargreaves
Water -powered loom (1787) – Edmund Cartwright
Steam-powered loom/engine (1782) – James Watt (steam engines fired by coal, not water)

5. Great Britain went from importing 2. 5 million lbs
Great Britain went from importing 2.5 million lbs. of raw cotton in 1760 to 22 million in 1787
By 1840, Great Britain was importing 366 million pounds of cotton a year. Cotton became Britain’s most valuable product.
Spinning Jenny Steam-powered engine

6. New Industries Coal and Iron Factories
Rise in steam engine led to increase in coal/coal related industry production
Improved quality of iron using a process called “puddling” (burn out impurities from iron)
Factories
Used workers in shifts to complete repetitive tasks
Little regulation of working conditions/punishment
Harsh treatment of children

7. Railroads
Iron/steam engine had biggest impact on railroad industry
First steam locomotive (1804) – Richard Trevithick
Expansion of railroads caused a “ripple effect” throughout all other industries: jobs, factories, production, raw materials, etc.
Less expensive transportation led to lower priced goods

8. The Spread of Industrialization
World’s first industrial nation, Great Britain, became the richest
Europe
Spread at different times and speed
Belgium, France, and German states were 1st
North America
1800 – 6/7 people were farmers – 50%
1st Paddle-wheel steamboat (1807) – Robert Fulton
Most important development was railroad

9. Social Impact in Europe
Cities grew and 2 new social classes: industrial middle class and industrial working class
Industrial middle class: people who built the factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets.
Industrial working class: workers who faced wretched working conditions and no employment security
Death rates declined b/c better fed people were more resistant to diseases
Famine and poverty were 2 factors in global migration and urbanization

10. Bad working conditions
(coal mines)
Dangerous conditions  cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes
Cramped conditions and constant dampness led to workers’ deformed bodies and ruined lungs
(cotton mills)
Dirty, dusty, dangerous, unhealthy
Socialism: in this economic system, societies, usually in the form of the gov’t, owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities; would allow for wealth distribution