1. 35. How vocabulary grows 24조 201110287 이연재 201310278 이예은

2. Content ▷ Introduction ▷ Borrowing -loan word -loan translation (calque) ▷ Changing structures -compound -conversion -reduplicated & abbreviation ▷ Changing meanings -absolete -semantic change -semantic shifts -nuances ▷ Conclusion ▷ Q&A

3. Introduction Vocabulary never stands still.

4. Borrowing ① Loan word ② Loan translation (Calque)

5. Borrowing weekend, parking : French → English chic, savoir-faire : English → French -Loan words are especially in evidence as a language becomes international in its usage because it comes into increasing contact with other languages. Loan word ① Loan word ② Loan translation (Calque) Example.1 Relation between French &English - The vast majority of new words are in fact borrowings from other languages.

6. Borrowing ① Loan word ② Loan translation (Calque) Example. 2 English as a lingua franca - South Africa has 10 official languages from which English can borrow words. - In Nigeria, where over 400 languages are spoken the potential for loan-word exchange is very much greater. Loan word - A dictionary of South African English contains of thousands of words from the indigenous languages of southern Africa. (ex. aandog, aardpyp, aardvark..) Afirghisdisf?! ….?

7. Borrowing Loan translation (Calque) ① Loan word ② Loan translation (Calque) (German) Fernsprecher (fern = ‘distant’ + sprecher = ‘speaker’) Example.1 -A word is not borrowed whole, but its parts are translated separately and a new word formed. Foreign root + English affix : ‘Afrikanerdom’, ‘Afrikanerism’, ‘Anglikaans Example.2 Two languages are blended Translated separately

8. Changing Structure ① Compounds ② Conversion ③ Reduplicated&Abbreviations

9. Changing Structure - Combinded two or more whole words to function as a single vocabulary -Such words are pronounced as single units, with a single stress, and they are used grammatically as a single unit. Compounds ① Compounds ② Conversion ③ Reduplicated & Abbreviations Hotdog (‘hot’ + ‘dog’) flowerpot (‘flower’ + ‘pot’) Example.1 Single units

10. Changing Structure Compounds ① Compounds ② Conversion ③ Reduplicated & Abbreviations -Very similar to compounds are formations where one of the elements is a whole word and the other is not agriculture = (agri)+culture, biotechnology = (bio)+technology Example.2 Affixe Example.3 Prefixe / Suffixe Prefixes (dis-, semi-) : disinterested, semi-detached. Suffixes (-ship, -ness) : hardship, goodness

11. Changing Structure Conversion ① Compounds ② Conversion ③ Reduplicate & Abbreviations - Making new words by changing the function of old words in a sentence. verb → nounswim, cheat, bore noun → verbreferee, bottle noun → adjectivesbrick wall adjective → nounregular, monthly adjective → verb dirty, empty Example Functional shift

12. Changing Structure  The constituents are the same or very similar in sound. Ex) goody-goody, flip-flop Reduplicated Abbreviations Initialismsbe spoken as an individual lettersBBC, MP Acronymsbe pronounced as single wordNATO, NESCO Clippingsbe shorten words, where a part is used for the wholeexam, ad Blendsjoin the shortened forms of two words togetherbrunch, smog ① Compounds ② Conversion ③ Reduplicated & Abbreviations

13. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances

14. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances -When a word or sense ceases to be used. -This often happens because an object or concept is no longer of value to a community. Absolete Wight(=person), leman(=sweetheart), conceit(=idea) Example Obsolescent words

15. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances -There are several types of semantic change,. -In extension or generalization, a word widens its meaning. Semantic change Virtue was a male quality (‘vir’ is latin for ‘man’). Today, it applies to both sexes. Example Extension or generalization Narrowing or specialization Extension or generalization

16. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances -The opposite process is narrowing or specialization, where a word becomes more specialized in meaning Extension or generalization Narrowing or specialization In old English, Art originally connected to ‘skill’ Today, it refers to certain kinds of skill, aesthetic skill – ‘the arts’ Example Semantic change Narrowing or Specialization

17. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances -semantic shifts, where a word moves from one set of circumstances to another. -Quite often, the shift is based upon an analogy or likeness between things Semantic shifts Navigator once applied only to ships,. Now it applies to planes, and even to cars. Example

18. Changing Meaning ① absolete ② semantic change ③ Semantic shifts ④ Nuances -In the case of amelioration, a word loses an original sense of disapproval. -where a word develops a sense of disapproval. Amelioration Pejoration Mischievous has lost an original sense of ‘disastrous’. Now means the milder ‘playfully annoying’ Notorious, which once meant ‘widely known’, Now means ‘widely and unfavourably kown’. Amelioration Pejoration Example

19. Conclusion Avoiding etymological fallacy

20. Most words have experienced several changes in meaning throughout their history. So that it is impossible to say which stage in their meaning is the ‘true’ meaning. Avoiding etymological fallacy Conclusion Avoiding etymological fallacy Exploration of older word usage Etymologies : - Lexical change is profoundly connected with the life, literature and culture. -Many abstract word are continually changing their meaning, as people apply new interpretations to them. WHY?

21. Conclusion Popular etymologies -when people hear a foreign or unfamiliar word they try to relate it to words they know well. They guess what it must mean- but guess wrongly. - If enough people make the same guess, the error becomes part of the language. Errors become part of the language. Avoiding etymological fallacy

22. 1) Borrowing -loan word -loan translation (calque) 2) Changing structures -compound -conversion -reduplicated & abbreviation 3) Changing meanings -absolete -semantic change -semantic shifts -nuances 4) Conclusion Q&A 35. How vocabulary grows