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Update Comprehensive (extensive) Nucleon decay mode list Maury Goodman Lisa Lin 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin1
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Mission The goal is to make a (hopefully) comprehensive look at nucleon decay modes to identify those modes (vis-à-vis water counters) for which a high resolution liquid Argon detector has a competitive advantage. We use simplifying assumptions on , backgrounds, etc. Those modes would then be candidates for full simulations. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin2
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Assumptions We know: Ar has 2.7 10 32 p and 3.3 10 32 n per kT Some Super-K efficiencies and backgrounds We estimate Schedule and duty-cycle for DUNE Efficiencies & backgrounds for DUNE [ = recon nuc ] We’ve started with high efficiencies and low backgrounds “nuclear efficiencies” from BUENO paper Future duty cycles Super-K 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin3
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Exposure Dune starts with 10 kT in 2022, 40 in 2026 Duty Cycle SK = 0.8; D = 0.9 T DUNE = (y-2022)*10 kT* D for y>2022] (y-2026)*30 kT* D for y>2026] T SK = 149.2 + (y-1995.79)*22.5* SK Intersect in 2052 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin4
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Modes We’ve identified 91 exclusive modes that conserve spin. (Counting neutral kaon modes is a bit of an art.) There are another 15 modes of n-nbar and dinucleon decays In the 2014 RPP, Super-K only had the best limit for 14 modes (!) but they probably have the best real limits for most of the 91. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin5
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p decay modes PLimitCollab.EX(D)e nuc e rec e tot EX2(SK)OBPBe rec (EX)e tot (EX) BG=0 T=40 kt*yr BG=0, T=400 kt*yr 504.644 kt*yr 684.64 4kt*yr e+p0e+p0 >16.7SK>2.1>21.45483.945.3>25.4>34.400.310054 m+r0m+r0 >0.16SK>1.3>13.129.29527.7>11.6>11.210.428223.9 e+r0e+r0 >0.71SK>1.3>13.129.29527.7>13.6>13.200.359828.6 e-p+p+e-p+p+ >0.03FR>1.1>10.619.49518.4 10019.4 m-p+p+m-p+p+ >0.017FR>1.1>10.619.49518.4 10019.4 e+p-p+e+p-p+ >0.082IMB>1.1>10.719.495.918.6 10019.4 m+p-p+m+p-p+ >0.133IMB>1.1>10.619.49518.4 10019.4 e+e+e-e+e+e- >0.793IMB>4.5>44.810095 100 m+m+m-m+m+m- >0.675IMB>4.5>44.810095 100 e+m+m-e+m+m- >0.359IMB>4.5>44.810095 100 e-m+m+e-m+m+ >0.006HPW>4.5>44.810095 100 m+e+e-m+e+e- >0.529IMB>4.5>44.810095 100 e-p+K+e-p+K+ >0.075IMB>2>19.7449541.8 10044 m+p-K+m+p-K+ >2>19.7449541.8 10044 m-p+K+m-p+K+ >0.245IMB>2>20.24497.642.9 10044 e+p-K+e+p-K+ >2>19.7449541.8 10044 m+p+K-m+p+K- >2>19.7449541.8 10044 e+p+K-e+p+K- >2>19.7449541.8 10044 np + p + p - >0.2>1.94.3954.1 1004.3 e+K0e+K0 >1SK 64.7100 e+Kse+Ks ???N/A>2.2>22.210047 100 e+KLe+KL ???N/A>0.2>2.21470.47 1001 m+K0m+K0 >1.6SK 1313.2100 m+Ksm+Ks ???N/A>2.2>22.010046.7 100 m+KLm+KL ???N/A>0.2>2.2146.70.47 1001 (e + g) >0.67IMB>4.6>46.210098 0100 e + gg >0.1FR>4.5>44.810095 100 e+h0e+h0 >4.2SK>3.4>3475.89572>37.1>35.600.4410075.8 e+w0e+w0 >0.32SK>2.4>2453.69550.9>18.9>25.610.5310053.6 m+gm+g >0.478IMB>4.6>46.210098 100 m+p0m+p0 >7.78SK>2.1>21.1548344.8>25.4>34.400.310054 m+h0m+h0 >1.3SK>3.4>3475.89572>26.5>35.920.4910075.8 m+w0m+w0 >0.78SK>2.4>2453.69550.9>17.6>23.800.489450.4 nK + >6.6SK>4.7>47.19799.896.8>20.5>24.101.310097 nr + >0.162IMB>1.3>13.129.29527.7 10029.2 (nK *+ ) >0.051IMB>2.0>19.7449541.8 10054 np + >0.016SOU>2.0>19.85477.641.9 10054 e + K *0 >0.084IMB>2.4>24.2549551.3 10054 e+p0p0e+p0p0 >0.147IMB>0.9>8.719.49518.4 10019.4 m+p0p0m+p0p0 >0.101IMB>0.9>8.719.49518.4 10019.4 e + nn >0.017IMB>4.5>44.810095 100 m + nn >0.021FR>4.5>44.810095 100 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin6
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Bound n decay modes N 100 e+r-e+r- >0.217IMB>1.6>16.029.29527.7 9728.3 e-r+e-r+ >0.062IMB>1.6>16.029.29527.7 10029.2 m+p-m+p- >1SK>3.0>29.6549551.3>20.9>20.110.4310054 m-p+m-p+ >0.049IMB>2.6>25.8548344.8 10054 m+r-m+r- >0.228IMB>1.6>16.029.29527.7 8324.2 m-r+m-r+ >0.007IMB>1.6>16.029.29527.7 10029.2 ng >0.028IMB>5.5>54.810095 100 ngg >0.219IMB>5.5>54.810095 100 np 0 >0.112IMB>2.6>26.05483.545.1 10054 nK 0 >0.086KM 100 nK s >0.26SK>5.5>54.810095 3430100 nK L ???N/A>0.5>5.51950.95 1001 nh 0 >0.158IMB>4.2>41.575.89572 10075.8 nr 0 >0.019IMB>1.6>16.029.29527.7 10029.2 nw 0 >0.108IMB>2.9>29.453.69550.9 10053.6 nK *0 >0.078IMB>3.0>29.6549551.3 10054 e+e-ne+e-n >0.257IMB>5.5>54.810095 100 m+e-nm+e-n >0.083IMB>5.5>54.810095 100 m+m-nm+m-n >0.079IMB>5.5>54.810095 100 e+p-e+p- >2SK>2.6>25.65482.244.4>20.1>27.300.2710054 nmmp >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 neep >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 nmep >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 e-K+e-K+ >0.032FR>5.5>55.410096 100 m-K+m-K+ >0.057FR>5.6>55.910097 100 e+K-e+K- >0.017IMB>5.6>55.910097 100 m+K-m+K- >0.026IMB>5.6>55.910097 100 mppp >0.2>2.44.3954.1 1004.3 eppp >0.2>2.44.3954.1 1004.3 epK s >2.4>24.1449541.8 10044 n4p >0.07>0.71.5951.4 1001.5 emmp >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 eeep >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 mmmp >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 eemp >1.9>19.2359533.3 10035 nempp >1.6>16.012.39511.6 10012.3 e+p-p0e+p-p0 >0.052IMB>1.1>11.619.49518.4 10019.4 m+p-p0m+p-p0 >0.074IMB>1.1>11.619.49518.4 10019.4 e+K0p-e+K0p- >0.018FR 100 e+Ksp-e+Ksp- >2.4>24.1449541.8 10044 e+KLp-e+KLp- >0.02>0.20.44950.4 1000.44 e-p+e-p+ >0.065IMB>3.0>29.6549551.3 10054 e-p+p0e-p+p0 >0.029FR>1.1>10.619.49518.4 10019.4 m-p+p0m-p+p0 >0.034FR>1.1>10.619.49518.4 10019.4 3n >0.0000004 9KM>5.5>54.810095 100 5n ???N/A>5.5>54.810095 100 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin7
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N-nbar oscillation and dinucleon decay NAO n̅+p p+p0p+p0 SK>3.1>30.856.39553.4 10056.3 p + 2p 0 SK>1.3>1323.89522.6 10023.8 p + 3p 0 SK>0.5>4.78.5958.1 1008.5 2p + p - p 0 SK>0.5>4.78.5958.1 1008.5 2p + p - 2p 0 SK>0.3>2.54.6954.4 1004.6 2p + p - 2w SK>0.1>1.32.4952.3 1002.4 3p + 2p - p 0 SK>0.04>0.40.73950.69 1000.73 n̅+n p+p-p+p- SK>3.1>30.856.39553.4 10056.3 2p 0 SK>3.1>30.856.39553.4 10056.3 p+p-p0p+p-p0 SK>1.3>1323.89522.6 10023.8 p + p - 2p 0 SK>0.5>4.78.5958.1 1008.5 p + p - 3p 0 SK>0.3>2.54.6954.4 1004.6 2p + 2p - SK>0.5>4.78.5958.1 1008.5 2p + 2p - p 0 SK>0.3>2.54.6954.4 1004.6 p+p-wp+p-w SK>1.1>11.320.69519.6 10020.6 2p + 2p - 2p 0 SK>0.04>0.40.73950.69 1000.73 p→e + X>0.79SK>4.5>44.810095 100 p→m + X>0.41SK>4.5>44.810095 100 n→ng>0.55SK>5.5>54.810095 100 np→e + n>0.26SK>0.4>4.510095 100 np→m + n>0.2SK>0.4>4.510095 100 np→t + n>0.03SK>0.4>4.510095 100 pp→p + p + pn→p + p 0 nn→p + p - nn→p 0 p 0 pp→e + e + pp→e + m + pp→m + m + 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin8
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Nuclear efficiency The nuclear efficiency has a special role in nucleon decay limits/searches If a nucleon decays into a or something that decays into while inside the nucleus the might interact or get absorbed. That probability depends on nucleus and the pion momentum distribution (100-500 MeV). Lower energy pions have a very high resonance cross section. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin9
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Nuclear efficiency The uncertainties are large. They are estimated from pion-nucleus scattering cross section data. That can’t be right. The pion wave functions will differ (and presumably the cross sections) between pions which are created in the nucleus and those that come from . The uncertainties are correlated between different experiments in the same nucleus. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin10
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nuc We took nuc (Ar) from the Bueno et al. paper (hep-ph/0701101) which looked at 14 modes. For the other modes, we estimated momentum dependence for nuc (Ar) using the multiplicity. I expect nuc (Ar) < nuc (O) 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin11
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Example Sample Mode n e + - Final state has one e +, two , one -. Best limit is from IMB, /B > 0.22 10 33 yr. We estimate recon nuc = 0.95 0.29. Dune Sensitivity estimate is: /B > 1.6 (16) 10 33 yr in 40 (400) kt-y 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin12
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Another Example P K*(890) Super-K does not have a limit. But K* decays to K + 0 half the time, and often the 0 doesn’t get out of the nucleus and isn’t seen. Thus the signature is identical to K +. So we can infer a limit from Super-K better than the PDG limit. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin13
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DUNE Note in docdb Note and spreadsheet have been uploaded to docdb-679 http://docs.dunescience.org:8080/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=679 http://docs.dunescience.org:440/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=679 Updated versions will be put there. 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin14
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Next steps o Find any Super-K limits from theses, Conf.proc., papers since RPP2014 o Estimate current and future Super-K limits for (91-14) modes not yet published o Refine optimistic DUNE assumptions for recon and backgrounds. o Identify modes for which low backgrounds could be maintained with missing final state particles. o Identify modes for full simulations. Goal April 2016 o Suggestions welcomed 13 January 2016PDK modes; Goodman/Lin15
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