1. Module 3 Developing Reading Skills Part 2 Transition Module 3 developed byElisabeth Wielander

2. Dealing with the unknown There are strategies you can use to quickly work out the meaning of texts and sentences that include unfamiliar language. These include:  recognising the word class, its form and function (e.g. the subject of a sentence will always be a noun or pronoun)  working out the meanings from the context and other factors  accessing any missing information in a dictionary. When reading a text in a foreign language, don‘t be put off when you come across a word you do not understand.

3. Dealing with the unknown The following can help you prepare for a close reading of the text: TitleVery often, the title will give you an idea of the topic covered in the text – a topic you are likely to be familiar with already. PicturesMany types of texts come with illustrations which add to the linguistic content and meaning of the text. Key wordsThese are the words that are most important in a text. They can help you gain a global understanding of the text and to gauge its main arguments. Internationalisms:Many languages contain words which are similar in spelling, meaning and/or sound(so-called cognates). These can help you understand the meaning of the text. Note: watch out for 'false friends’ (words that whilst looking similar to a word you know from English or another language but who actually have different meanings). ContextWhen you come across a new word that you are not familiar with, look at the sentence it appears in. It is often not necessary to understand the exact meaning of a word in order to understand what is happening in the text.

4. Getting started Even before you start reading a text, you will probably have a rough idea of what it is about. Therefore, it is advisable to first gather your thoughts and make a few elementary predictions about the content and the key themes and vocabulary of the text you are about to read. Different types of written materials are structured in different ways. They have different ‘layouts’. Analysing the external form and layout of the text will give you information about the text type and, thus, about the likely content of the text (e.g. front page of a newspaper → current affairs). Questions you could ask are: Who wrote the text? (=author) Who are the intended readers? (=target audience) What does the author want to achieve with the text? (=purpose)

5. Pre-reading Any time you tackle a new text (either in your first or second/third language), it is best to do so in three main phases: pre-reading intensive reading post-reading The following pre-reading routine can help you get started: Spend a minute or two calling to mind everything you know about the topic being discussed in the text. Focus particularly on the important vocabulary that comes to mind when you do this.

6. Pre-reading Look over the text (do not try to close-read it) and note any special features that strike you. These can include subheadings, graphs, highlighted words, brackets, numbers. Skim the text again, this time looking for any words which ‘jump out’ because they are already familiar, or look as though you could guess their meaning.

7. Intensive reading In this phase, your aim is to take in the meaning of the whole text. That means that you will have to do both bottom-up and top-down reading - analyse the grammatical information in the text check your comprehension of its content against what you have read before check your comprehension of its content against the predictions you make regarding what comes next.

8. Intensive reading The purpose for reading determines the appropriate type and level of comprehension. When reading for specific information, you need to ask yourself: Have I obtained the information I was looking for? When reading for pleasure, you will ask yourself: Do I understand the story line well enough to enjoy reading this? When reading for thorough understanding, you need to ask yourself: Do I understand each main idea and how the author supports it? Does what I'm reading agree with my predictions, and, if not, how does it differ?

9. Consolidating what you have read Once you have finished your close reading of the text, you should go back over sections of the text to make sure you have understood it correctly. You may be able to recall particular pieces of information, and you should be able to find the place in the text where a particular piece of information is contained. Another useful technique is to paraphrase – in one sentence – the content of each paragraph you have read.