1. WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS MUSICAL ACOUSTICS The Science of Sound, Chapter 12 The Physics of Musical Instruments, Chapters 15 and 16 www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/

2. WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS

3. HOW A CLARINET WORKS A pulse of excess pressure propagates down the pipe (a,b) and is reflected as a pulse of underpressure (c,d), which returns to help draw the reed valve shut. In (e)-(h) the process repeats with this negative pulse, which reflects as a positive pressure pulse.

4. TWO TYPES OF PRESSURE CONTROLLED VALVES FLOW VELOCITY vs AIR PRESSURE IN A CLARINET

5. CLARINET - RANGE OF PRESSURE

6. CYLINDRICAL PIPE RESONANCES CONICAL PIPE RESONANCES

7. WHAT ABOUT TRUNCATED CONES? ARE THE RESONANCES HARMONIC?

8. RESONANCE FREQUENCIES OF OPEN AND CLOSED PIPES, CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL

9. INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE CLARINET 3 REGISTERS OF A CLARINET EFFECT OF REGISTER HOLES

10. EFFECTS OF REGISTER HOLES

11. WAVEFORM SPECTRUM THREE NOTES ON A CLARINET

12. LATTICE OF OPEN TONE HOLES CUTOFF FREQUENCY

13. EFFECT OF REED STIFFNESS

14. A CONICAL BORE ACTS LIKE A “CLOSED PIPE”

15. CONTRABASS SAXOPHONE LARGEST WOODWIND INSTRUMENT

16. OBOE WAVEFORMSPECTRUM

17. BASSOON

19. EARLY WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS

20. BAGPIPES HIGHLAND BAGPIPES

21. NORTHUMBRIAN BAGPIPE

22. DIRECTIONAL RADIATION

23. From J. Meyer Acoustics and the Performance of Music (Verlag das Musikinstrument, Frankfurt am Main, 1978

24. TYPICAL BLOWING PRESSURES IN WOODWINDS TYPICAL BLOWING PRESSURES ACROSS THE MAIN COMPASS OF CLARINET ALTO SAXOPHONE, OBOE, AND BASSOON, FOR PIANO AND FORTE PLAYING Fuks and Sundberg, 1996

25. SPECTRAL ENVELOPE OF (IDEALIZED) WOODWIND

26. FLOW CONTROL OF AIR BLOWN ACROSS A BOTTLE AND A FLUTE CONSTRUCTION OF A FLUTE

27. PRESSURE STANDING WAVES IN A FLUTE IF THE CORK IS PULLED OUT, ALL NOTES ARE FLATTENED BUT UPPER MODES ARE AFFECTED MORE (BECAUSE THE EFFECTIVE POSITION OF THE PRESSURE MODE AT THE BLOWING END IS BEYOND THE CORK)

28. BLOWING PRESSURE USED BY EXPERIENCED FLUTE PLAYER FOR NOTES OF DIFFERENT PITCHES LIP OPENING WIDTH AND HEIGHT USED BY EXPERIENCED FLUTE PLAYERS TO PRODUCE NOTES AT DIFFERENT PITCHES AND VOLUME LEVELS

29. FLUTE OPENING TONE HOLES REGISTER HOLES

30. TYPICAL SPECTRA FOR LOUD AND SOFT NOTES OF VARIOUS PITCHES PLAYED BY 4 DIFFERENT FLUTISTS. THE SAME REFERENCE LEVEL IS USED IN EACH CASE Fletcher, 1975

32. BAROQUE RECORDER TYPICAL FINGERING CHART FOR A BAROQUE RECORDER

33. BLOWING PRESSURE FLUTE, RECORDER