1. Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism
Chapter 7
Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism

2. Byzantium
Part I

3. Byzantium Center of religious, political, economic activity
Maritime power
Key trading center
Founded by Constantine the Great

4. Constantinople Surrounded by formidable walls Christian
Dedicated under Christian and pagan rites
Mortal enemy – Islam

5. The Byzantines Roman in their Laws Greek in their culture
Oriental in their habits

6. Byzantine Christianity
Missionary activity = National Churches
More Christians than in Rome
Patriarch/Emperor relationship overshadowed papacy

7. Caesaropapism
Temporal ruler extends authority over ecclesiastical and theological matters

8. Justinian I Viewed self as head of Church and State
Last great ruler in Roman tradition
Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law

9. Hagia Sophia

10. Codex Justinianus Systemization of all Roman Laws
Highest achievement in classical legal scholarship
Foundation of Canon Law

11. The Iconoclast Controversy
Part II

12. Icons
Flat/two-dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint
Christian Acts of Piety
Invitation to prayer

14. Abuse of Icons
Common belief:
Icons had special powers
Idolatry

15. Iconoclasts
Sought to destroy icons/ purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith

16. First Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III
Theological pressures
Heretics–Christ cannot be portrayed
Christian ally with Muslims/Jews –God cannot be portrayed

17. First Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (717-741)
Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity)
Icons destroyed to reach goal

18. Emperor Leo III’s Edict
Icons = idolatry
Condemned by the pope and patriarch of Constantinople
Persecuted non-adherents

19. St. John of Damascus Defended use of icons (Iconophile)
Fount of Wisdom
Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons

20. St. John of Damascus Why it’s good to have images:
“We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”

21. Constantine V Iconoclast Tried to gain support of Greek Church
Council of Hiereia (against icons)

22. Empress Irene

23. Seventh Ecumenical Council Second Council of Nicaea (787)
Pope Adrian I
Veneration of icons accepted
Adoration defined

24. Second Iconoclasm Leo V (815-843)
Iconoclasm –military strength
Patriarch reinstated the Council of Hiereria

25. The Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy
Part III

26. Carolingian Line Pepin the Short
Granted Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary
Supported by St. Boniface

27. Establishment of Papal States
Pope Stephen:
Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian support
Condemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin

28. Charlemagne (R. 769-814) Christian public policy Person of Christ
Synods/Council decrees lawfully binding
Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church
Missi dominici

29. Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy
Defeated the Lombards
“Patrician of Rome”
Restored Pope Leo III to power

30. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor
Crowned by Pope Leo III
Germans included in Roman civilization
Upset Byzantine Emperors

31. Carolingian Renaissance
Combated cultural decay
Emphasized education/art
Every parish/monastery req. to have a school

32. Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar
Biblical/theological texts
Latin Grammar
Mathematical tracts
Tours Bible
Revised Roman Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary

33. The Great Schism
Part IV

34. The Great Schism
The final shattering communion between the Eastern and Western Church

35. The great schism Did not happen overnight
Began with the founding of Constantinople

36. Timeline : the Great Schism
4th c. – Constantinople founded
9th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne
11th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope

37. The Great Schism Not a theo. dispute Distance between E./W.
Church hierarchy

38. Hierarchy W. Christians accepting of pope
E. Christians minimized papal power

39. Filioque Controversy
“and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo)
Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change

40. Why was it rejected?
Council of Chalcedon declared that the Creed could not be changed
Patriarch upheld this ruling

41. The Photian Schism
Patriarch Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion
Emperor removed Patriarch from position

42. The Photian Schism Legates sent sided with emperor
Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated

43. Michael Cerularius Appointed as Patriarch (supported Photius)
Hated the Catholic Church
Opposed Western Church practices
Closed Latin Churches
Excommunicated the pope

44. Cardinal Humbert Lacked Diplomatic skills
Sent to speak with Patriarchs
“Either be in communion with Peter or become a synagogue of Satan.”

45. The Actual Schism
Cardinal Humbert excommunicates the Patriarch of Constaninople
July 1054: Eastern Church declares the Latin Church strayed away from the Faith

46. Today Eastern and Western Churches are still working to end the Schism
Pope Benedict XVI has deep desire to end the Schism/ unify both Churches