1. PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISIONS MAKING by: THE PLAIN

2. Basic problem solving steps Eureka steps : preparation : incubation : illumination : verification Seven steps : define and identify the problem : analyze the problem : identifying possible solution : evaluate possible solution : select best solution : implement the solution : evaluate the solution

3. RATIONAL REASONING vs INTUITIVE REASONING Rational Reasoning Intuitive Reasoning - slow- fast - logical- emotional - a concious process- based on experience - not context specific- self evident - context specifec

4. Problem Solving & Desicion Making Tools Pareto Analysis McKinsey 7-S SWOT Analysis PESTEL Ishikawa / Fishbone / Cause & Effects Diagram

5. Obstacles in Group Problem Solving/Desicion Making Process Unclear objective Blurred responsibility Status Expertise Time constraint Conflicting goals Self censorship Pressure an dissenters

6. DECISIONS MAKING The cognitive process leading to the selection on of a course of action among alternatives and produce a final choice.

7. Decision making process identify the problem identify the decision criteria allocate weight to the criteria develop alternative analyse alternative select the alternative implement the alternative evaluate the alternative of decision

8. Decision structure programmed decision - policy -produce -ruler non-programmed decision

9. Type of decision maker directive analytic conceptual behavioral

10. Model of decision making General decision making model Rational decison making model Bounded rationality model political model of decision making intuitive decision making Decision making traps First trap Anchorny trap Status quo trap The sunk - cost trap Confirming - evidence trap Framing trap Inconsistency Perception Biases

11. Guidelines for making effective decisions: Categorical interpretation Application of limiting factor Adequate information Considering other views Timeliness Technique for improving decision making: Brainstroming Nominal group technique Delphi technique Consensus mapping

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