1. Presented by : Matthew Sulkosky COSC 316 (Host Security) BOTNETS A.K.A ZOMBIE COMPUTING

2. ROADMAP What is a Bot? Methods of Infection How Botnets Work Ramifications Methods of Protection Case Study : Conficker Worm Implications

3. WHAT IS A BOT? A “Bot” is a type of malware that is designed to allow an attacker control over your system. Many refer the infected machines as “zombies”, because they only do the attacker’s bidding. Bots rarely are singular, usually they are part of a network of Infected computers called a BotNet. Botnets can vary in size from hundreds of bots to millions of bots. The Conficker Worm has formed a Botnet is estimated between 9 to 12 million in size. Warning signs include: computer slowdown, mysterious messages, crashing, etc.

4. METHODS OF INFECTION There are numerous ways to be infected. A common method is for an attacker to place a Trojan horse on the machine, then use it to install the bot. There are numerous ways for a computer to become infected, other form of include: Email Attachments Zero day exploits Social Engineering Web Exploits File Sharing

5. HOW THE BOTNETS WORK The attacker who controls the bots or botnet are called botherder or controller. Often an application, client program, is used by the controller to issue commands to the botnet. This allows for efficient operation of the botnets, and commands to be issued to one or more of the bots at a time. The connections between the bots and controller is known as a command- and-control infrastructure.

6. HOW THE BOTNETS WORK

7. IMPLICATIONS Botnets can be used for a variety of purposes. In my opinion they are one of the most dynamic forms of malware. Since bots follow the commands of a central attacker, they can do anything that a hacker can think of. The common uses fit into the categories of : Cyber attacks, Spam generators, Distributors, Storage, or Fraud.

8. IMPLICATIONS Cyber attacks such as Denial of Service in order to extort money or carry out an agenda. Spam generators are a common use of botnets. It is estimated that 60% of spam emails are bot generated. Distribution of malware is another use of botnets. They spread viruses, Trojan horses, rootkits, and can create new bots. Theft of personal or propriety information Storage of illicit or questionable information. Could be anything from personal information to violated copyright software. Clickfraud is a major use for botnets, the bots automatically click on webpage advertising to generate revenue for the page owner.

9. METHODS OF PROTECTION The Best Methods of Protection against bot infection: Anti-virus software Keep all software up to date and install new patches Increased security settings for web browsers Don’t open unverified email attachments Limit user capabilities when online

10. METHOD OF PROTECTION Inorder to Stop a Botnet: There is only one effective way to kill it Shut Down the C&C server Typically done by legal authorities such as national Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERT). However, controller’s often implement their network through multiple C&C Servers for redundancy purposes or switch machines to make it more difficult to eliminate.

11. CASE STUDY : CONFICKER WORM First discover of the Conficker worm was in 2008-2009. It is a worm that uses a combination of exploits to gain access to computer’s core operating system and add them to the Botnet. The well known methods are: exploitation of a vulnerability in security update 658644 (MS08-67), targeting networks with open share or weak passwords, using AutoPlay. Multiple variants of the Conficker worm, each can vary in infection medium and the command-and-control infrastructure.

12. CASE STUDY : CONFICKER

14. CASE STUDY : CONFICKER WORM Two largest variants are A and B, both use the same exploitation techniques. C&C infrastructure Conficker Variant A Every 3 hours a list of 250 domain names are generated and an URL request is sent to TCP port 80. If a Windows binary is returned and is validated against a public key stored by the worm. Conficker Variant B Differences include: Checks for commands every 2 hours, GEO IP included in Variant B, doesn’t attempt to download fake antivirus, attempts to disable host security, and anti-reverse engineering features

15. CASE STUDY : CONFICKER WORM Variant C Takes a big step up from variants A & B in C&C infrastructure. It can utilize a P2P structure. It allows for infected hosts to find other Conficker C peers using IP mappings, distribute/receive cryptographically signed content (only by Conficker Author), and execute verified content. Basically, each infected machine serves as a client and a server in order to spread and execute botmaster commands. It eliminates the Achilles' heel of variants A & B.

16. CASE STUDY : CONFICKER WORM Variant C Still has the capability for the C&C infrastructure of variant A & B. Generates 50,000 domains that possible could be the controller, of which 500 are chosen daily to query. Unlike A&B, who queried on five second intervals, variant C issues queries in random intervals between 10 and 50 seconds. The other major updates to this variant are: Virtual Machine Detection Website blocking Removal Prevention Features.

17. WORKS CITED Osborne, Charlie. “Symantec takes on one of the largest botnets in history.” CNET. CNET, 1 October 2013. Web. 28 October 2013. “About Botnets.” F-Secure. F-Secure, n.d. Web. 28 October 2013 Rouse, Margaret. “Botnet (Zombie Army).” SearchSecurity. TechTarget, February 2013. Web. 28 October 2013 “Bots and Botnets – A Growing Threat” Symantec. Norton. n.d. Web. 28 October 2013. Microsoft Support Site. Safety and Security, 2013. Web, 10 November 2013. Burton, Kelly. “The Conficker Worm”. SANS. SANS, n.d. Web 10 November 2013 Porras, Phillip, Saidi, Hassan, and Yegneswaran, Vinod. "An Analysis of Conficker's Logic and Rendezvous Points." SRI. February 4, 2009. Web. 10 November 2013. Porras, Phillip, Saidi, Hassan, and Yegneswaran, Vinod. "An Analysis of Conficker's Logic and Rendezvous Points." SRI. Fitzgibbon, Niall and Wood, Mike. "Conficker.C A Technical Analysis." Sophos. April 1, 2009. Web. 10 November 2013. Fitzgibbon, Niall and Wood, Mike. "Conficker.C A Technical Analysis." Sophos.