1. Rebuilding Japan After World War II

2. Reasons for Rebuilding Japan

3. Reasons for US Rebuilding Japan Stop the spread of communism throughout Asia Promote democracy in the region by reforming Japan’s monarchy into a constitutional monarchy Improve Japan’s economy in order to trade with Japan and sell US products to Japan’s market Devastation of dropping atomic bombs on Japan

4. MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur, the American commander of the occupied forces, was given the job of putting Japan back on its feet. He was expected to create a Japan that would guarantee it would not pose a military threat to other countries in the future. MacArthur wanted Japan to have a democratic government, but he also appreciated the important place the Japanese emperor occupied in the Japanese culture.

5. The Occupation 1945 - 1952 Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) - General Douglas MacArthur Two main tasks: –demilitarization –democratization

6. Condition of Japan Immediately After Surrender

7. Think About This: “After Hiroshima and Nagasaki nothing was ever the same again... the use of the atomic bomb in August 1945 changed the world more dramatically than any single event before.” Chronicle of the World (1989).

8. Quotation From an Expert We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." I suppose we all thought that, one way or another. -J. Robert Oppenheimer A response from Oppenheimer, mastermind behind the atomic bomb, after being interviewed about his creations.

9. Different Interpretations Why did the USA drop The Atomic Bombs on Japan? Eastern Europe A military weapon to end the war quickly, save lives and keep the Russians out of the war. Revenge for Pearl Harbor and Japanese war crimes against Allied prisoners of war To test the weapon on live human beings to see what effect it had. To frighten the Russians so that they wouldn’t confront the West.

10. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer headed the new U.S. laboratory built to design an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer recommended a remote site in New Mexico for the new facility, where project scientists, many of them world-famous, could work together in complete secrecy. The Los Alamos Laboratory was opened in April 1943. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Forced Japan to surrender and the end of the war. August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945 _______ ______

11. The Bomb August 6, 1945—Hiroshima –Enola Gay (bomber plane) drops Little Boy –140,000 died immediately –100,000+ seriously injured August 9, 1945—Nagasaki –Fat Man –74,000 Immediate Deaths –75,000+ serious injuries

12. Map Showing the Damage Done to Hiroshima The centre of the explosion was hotter than the surface of the sun!

13. “I could see below the mushroom cloud…the thing reminded me more of a boiling pot of tar than any other description I can give. It was black and boiling underneath with a steam haze on top of it…We had seen the city when we flew in, and there was nothing to see when we came back. It was covered by this boiling, black-looking mass.” ~ Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. (pilot, Enola Gay) 8:15 a.m. Hiroshima, Japan August 6, 1945 Within a few seconds the thousands of people in the streets and the gardens in the center of the town were scorched by a wave of searing heat. Many were killed instantly, others lay writhing on the ground, screaming in agony from the intolerable pain of their burns. Everything standing upright in the way of the blast, walls, houses, factories, and other buildings, was annihilated. ~ Japanese journalist, August 6, 1945.

16. Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan. Destroyed numerous cities, shattered the economy, caused deaths of two million people. In the background are the remains of a Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan following the atomic blast of Aug. 9, 1945.

17. Casualties from the US bombing of Japanese cities in 1945

18. Japan’s Post-War Infrastructure Much of Japan’s infrastructure had been completely destroyed by battle and atomic bombs. infrastructure- the basic structures or features of a city or nation; transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric systems are all a part of infrastructure.

19. Reforms Made to Japan

20. JAPANESE CHANGES REFORMS POLITICAL New Constitution Constitutional Monarchy Emperor Stripped of Power Women’s Suffrage ECONOMIC Improve Infrastructure Market Economy Invest in Human and Capital Resources SOCIAL English as 2nd language Japan adopts US culture

21. Rebuilding and Improving Infrastructure

22. Postwar Political Developments 22 Infrastructure Increased paved roads High speed ‘bullet train’ began service between Osaka and Tokyo in 1964 New trunk line, ‘shinkansen’

23. Land Reform and Labor Reorganization

24. Rebuilding Japan Labor reorganization Unionization – democratization Dec. 1945 Trade Union Law right to organize bargain and strike. 1946 – I million to 4.5 million members. Land Reform 2/3 of arable land – tenants rents, 1946 Land Reform Act – 5 million acres – redistributed in 2-5 years

25. Education Reform

26. Postwar Social Developments Education (Post SCAP) Hierarchical system remained: middle school, high school, college or university Increasing number of youths advanced to high school Educated-based hierarchy 26

27. Reforms Relating to Gender and Family

28. Postwar Political Developments 28 Women’s Status (SCAP period) Recruiting women to work as prostitutes in ‘Recreation and Amusement Centers Extended civil and political rights to women First post-war elections: 39 women were elected to the Diet, 10% of the seats But the dominant position of males in the family and in society at large was not overturned by constitutional reform

29. Postwar Social Developments Shifted from working in textile companies to electronic companies Living in company housing and enjoying very constraining benefits of paternalistic management policies 29 Women’s Status (Post SCAP period)

30. Postwar Social Developments Gender Inequality Male graduates: entered managerial positions Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health—learned the skills of good wives and mothers 30

31. Postwar Social Developments 31 Family Pattern Nuclear families & extended families: co-existed Single family homes of middle- classes Extended family pattern changed Arranged marriage to ‘love marriage ’

32. Cultural Reforms 32

33. Postwar Social Developments 33 Cultural and Leisure Activities/Living Style Mass media continued to play a key role Provided powerful sense of belonging TV broadcasting-NHK Change in social consciousness

34. Demilitarization and War Criminal Reforms

35. Demilitarization Purged almost all wartime officers and politicians Disbanded almost all militaristic associations and parties Prosecuted almost all war criminals –The issue of Yasukuni Shrine Dismantled almost all war industries

36. War Criminals Yasukuni Shrine was built in Meiji 2 (1869) Japan’s Pacific War criminals have been worshipped in it since 1978 Strong protests from other Asian countries

37. The "Peace Clause" Article 9 in the 1947 constitution: “ the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes “ land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained ”

38. Article 9 Controversy Renunciation of war No possession of military forces Denial of the state’s right of belligerency 1)Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. 2)In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized. PP.155-56

39. US-Japan Mutual Security Pact Forged in the wake of World War II, the U.S.-Japan security alliance has served as one of the region's most important military relationships and as an anchor of the U.S. security role in Asia. Revised in 1960, the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security grants the United States the right to military bases on the archipelago in exchange for a U.S. pledge to defend Japan in the event of an attack.Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Signed in 1951 alongside the Treaty of San Francisco that ended World War II, the original U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty was a ten-year, renewable military agreement that outlined a security arrangement for Japan in light of its pacifist constitution. U.S. forces would remain on Japanese soil after Japan regained sovereignty.U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty A grand strategy for postwar Japan laid out by then prime minister Yoshida Shigeru that saw Japan rely on the United States for its security needs so the country could focus on its own economic recovery.

40. Political Reforms

41. Government Choices MacArthur decided to Japan would be a constitutional monarchy. –A constitutional monarchy is one where… He wrote a constitution for the country, still referred to as The MacArthur Constitution, that created a two –house parliament called a Diet.

42. JAPANESE REFORMS (Changes) 1947 Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito. www.wikipedia.org

43. Japan’s New Constitution The constitution created a two-house parliament called The Diet. Everyone over the age of 20 could vote for members of the Diet. The constitution also included a Bill of Rights and guaranteed basic freedoms. The emperor remained as a symbol of the country, but was stripped of his power.

44. Japan’s New Constitution The constitution stated that Japan could never again declare war on another country. Japan is allowed to fight only if it is attacked first. Japan could not use its land, sea, or air forces to settle international disputes. Today, the Japanese government is one of the strongest in the world.

45. Japan’s Constitution In Japan’s new constitution –The emperor remained as a symbol of the country. –The people were granted universal suffrage –Everyone over the age of 20 was allowed to vote for member of the Diet It also contained a Bill of Rights and guaranteed basic freedoms. One clause in this constitution prevents Japan from declaring war. They are allowed to fight ONLY if they are attacked first.One clause in this constitution prevents Japan from declaring war. They are allowed to fight ONLY if they are attacked first.

46. FREE ELECTIONS AND WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4152602444592357615

47. US ENDS OCCUPATION OF JAPAN 1952 US ends their occupation of Japan in 1952. Japan is granted membership into the United Nations in 1957.

49. Economic Reforms

50. Postwar Recovery 1945-49 The Japanese economy collapsed due to input shortage. Inflation surged. Living standards plummeted. The US occupied Japan and forced democratization and demilitarization (but later partly reversed). Subsidies and US aid supported the war-torn economy. The priority production system, based on economic planning, contributed to output recovery (1947-48). Inflation was ended by Dodge Line stabilization (1949). Army General Douglas MacArthur, head of GHQ

51. Zaibatsu Zaibatsu, (Japanese: “wealthy clique”), any of the large capitalist enterprises of Japan before World War II, similar to cartels or trusts but usually organized around a single family.Japan World War II One zaibatsu might operate companies in nearly all important areas of economic activity. The Mitsui combine, for example, owned or had large investments in companies engaged in banking, foreign trade, mining, insurance, textiles, sugar, food processing, machinery, and many other fields as well. All zaibatsu owned banks, which they used as a means for mobilizing capital.

52. Zaibatsu The four main zaibatsu were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and YasudaMitsuiMitsubishiSumitomo Other secondary ones that many would know are Suzuki and Nissan. All of them developed after the Meiji Restoration (1868), at which time the government began encouraging economic growth.Meiji Restoration The zaibatsu had grown large before 1900, but their most rapid growth occurred in the 20th century, particularly during World War I, when Japan’s limited engagement in the war gave it great industrial and commercial advantages.World War I In 1946, after the end of World War II, the Allied occupation authorities ordered the zaibatsu dissolved. Stock owned by the parent companies was put up for sale, and individual companies of the zaibatsu empires were freed from the control of parent companies. The management of the individual companies, however, was not radically changed, and to some extent the coordination and control of the previous organization remained.

53. Zaibatsu After the signing of the peace treaty in 1951, many companies began associating into what became known as enterprise groups (kigyō shūdan). Those created with companies that were formerly part of the big zaibatsu—Mitsubishi group, Mitsui group, and Sumitomo group—were more loosely organized around leading companies or major banksMitsubishi groupMitsui groupSumitomo group They differed most significantly from the old, centrally controlled zaibatsu in the informal manner that characterized each group’s policy coordination and in the limited degree of financial interdependency between member companies. The cooperative nature of these groups became a major factor in Japan’s tremendous postwar economic growth, because, in the pooling of resources, the investments made by these groups in developing industries were large enough to make these industries competitive worldwide.

54. Rebuilding Japan Zaibatsu – cartels –Military-economic –Froze accounts, 83 companies were broken up –Heavy industry (ship building, trucks) –Anti Monopoly law passed –1957, 1200 companies reviewed, only 9 affected

55. US REBUILDS JAPAN’S ECONOMY 1955 U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan.

56. The Tokyo Labor College was one of the many institutions created after the war in order to promote more equitable economic development than had existed before www.japanfocus.org

57. THE COMPACT CAR JAPANESE IMPORTS TO THE U.S. IN THE 1970s

59. Growth of Japanese Car Industry The Japanese automotive industry is one of the most prominent and largest industries in the world. Japan has been in the top three of the countries with most cars manufactured since the 1960s, surpassing Germany. Japancountries with most cars manufactured The automotive industry in Japan rapidly increased from the 1970s to the 1990s (when it was oriented both for domestic use and worldwide export) In the 1980s and 1990s, overtook the U.S. as the production leader with up to 13 million cars per year manufactured and significant exports.

60. Growth of Japanese Car Industry After massive ramp-up by China in the 2000s and fluctuating U.S. output, Japan is now currently the third largest automotive producer in the world with an annual production of 9.9 million automobiles in 2012. Japanese zaibatsu (business conglomerates) began building their first automobiles in the middle to late 1910s.zaibatsu The companies went about this by either designing their own trucks (the market for passenger vehicles in Japan at the time was small), or partnering with a European brand to produce and sell their cars in Japan under license.European Such examples of this are Isuzu partnering with Wolseley Motors (UK), and the Mitsubishi Model A, which was based upon the Fiat Tipo 3.IsuzuWolseley MotorsMitsubishi Model AFiat

61. Growth of Japanese Car Industry The demand for domestic trucks was greatly increased by the Japanese military buildup before World War II, causing many Japanese manufacturers to break out of their shells and design their own vehicles.World War II In the 1970s Japan was the pioneer in robotics manufacturing of vehicles.robotics The country is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, and engines. Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.Toyota HondaDaihatsuNissanSuzukiMazdaMitsubishi SubaruIsuzuKawasakiYamahaMitsuoka

62. Growth of Japanese Car Industry Exports of passenger cars increased nearly two hundred-fold in the sixties compared to the previous decade, and were now up to 17.0 percent of the total production. Rapidly increasing domestic demand and the expansion of Japanese car companies into foreign markets in the 1970s further accelerated growth. Effects of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo accelerated vehicle exports along with the exchange rate of the Japanese yen to the U.S. Dollar, UK Pound, and West German Deutsche Mark.Arab Oil Embargo Passenger car exports rose from 100,000 in 1965 to 1,827,000 in 1975. Automobile production in Japan continued to increase rapidly after the 1970s, as Mitsubishi (as Dodge vehicles) and Honda began selling their vehicles in the US.Dodge Even more brands came to America and abroad during the 1970s, and by the 1980s, the Japanese manufacturers were gaining a major foothold in the US and world markets.

63. Passenger cars Manufacturer200720082009201020112012 Toyota3,849,3533,631,1462,543,7152,993,7142,473,5463,170,289 Nissan982,8701,095,661780,4951,008,1601,004,6661,035,726 Honda1,288,5771,230,621812,298941,558687,948996,832 Suzuki1,061,7671,059,456758,057915,391811,689896,781 Mazda952,2901,038,725693,598893,323798,060830,294 Daihatsu648,289641,322551,275534,586479,956633,887 Subaru403,428460,515357,276437,443366,518551,812 Mitsubishi758,038770,667365,447586,187536,142448,598 Other25300000 Total9,944,6379,928,1436,862,1618,310,3627,158,5258,554,219

64. Growth of Japan’s Economy Known as the Japanese Miracle!

65. Korean War (1950 - 1953) Economic turning point for Japan: –war supplies to Korea –industrial resurgence –foreign currency 1945 - 1950 growth rate: 9.4% 1950 - 1955 growth rate: 10.9% 1952 Japan ’ s GDP matched prewar high

66. High Growth of 1955-62 Large investment in heavy industry Imports of energy and raw materials Government’s economic goals: –achieve economic self-sufficiency –achieve full employment –improve export competitiveness –keep domestic demand high

67. High Growth of 1963-1973 Government’s “doubling income” plan –Large-scale infrastructure construction Labor-intensive to capital-intensive –Technological improvement and facility modernization under government protection Aggressive export strategy –Businesses compete with foreign counterparts under government protection

68. High Growth of 1963-73 Government’s plan to “double the national income in ten years” scheduled 9% annual growth rate large-scale infrastructure construction –Shinkansen (bullet train) –Olympic Games –port, road, and rails –human infrastructure

69. High Growth of 1963-73 labor-intensive in decline –agricultural subsidies –textile bankruptcies and “excess capacity” –coal industry in serious decline capital-intensive on the rise –large firms had 10- and 20-fold growth electronics and automobile

70. Government Response Government responded to some sectors’ decline with reorganization and subsidization Technological improvement and facility modernization under government protection –Ministry of International Trade and Industry constant and critical role in developing the computer industry

71. High Growth of 1963-73 Aggressive export strategy –businesses compete with foreign counterparts under government protection domestic market sealed off from competition Strict limitations on governmt expenditures 1965 Japanese exports exceeded imports for the first time in two decades

72. Government Policies Macroeconomic success through internationally competitive firms –reduce the reliance on agriculture and small industry –capital-intensive industries –technically sophisticated products –improve national economic infrastructure –improve human infrastructure

73. More Shocks in 1990s Large and rising government deficit and public debt (now more than 200% of GDP) Aging population (median age now at 45) Banking crises and non-performing loans Asian financial crisis (1997-1998) “ Hollowing out ” of industry Natural disasters and terrorist attacks Economic position now taken over by China and India

74. JAPAN IS A MODEL NATION 2009 Today, Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U.S., Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses.

75. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE REBUILDING OF JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II Japan declares war on the U.S. by bombing the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. America then declares war on Japan and enters WWII. Japan is granted membership into the United Nations five years after a seven year U.S. occupation. Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan. The U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII. Today Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U.S., Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses. After WWII, Japan was placed under international control of the Allies through the Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur. 1945 2009 1955 1945 1947 1952 1941