1. 2016-6-26 Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7- 1 Chapter 8 Objects and Classes

2. Motivations After learning the preceding chapters, you are capable of solving many programming problems using selections, loops, methods, and arrays. However, these Java features are not sufficient for developing graphical user interfaces and large scale software systems. Suppose you want to develop a graphical user interface as shown below. How do you program it? 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 2

3. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 3 8.1 Introduction Objects: To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (§8.2). To demonstrate defining classes and creating objects (§8.3). To create objects using constructors (§8.4). To access objects via object reference variables (§8.5). To use classes Date, Random, and JFrame in the Java library (§8.6). To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods (§8.7). To define private data fields with appropriate get and set methods (§8.8). To encapsulate data fields to make classes easy to maintain (§8.9). To develop methods with object arguments and differentiate between primitive-type arguments and object-type arguments (§8.10). To store and process objects in arrays (§8.11).

4. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 4 8.2 Defining Classes for Objects Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming using objects. An object represents an entity in the real world that can be distinctly identified. For example, a student, a desk, a circle, a button, and even a loan can all be viewed as objects. An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors. The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (also known as properties) with their current values. The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods.

5. Objects An object has both a state and behavior. The state defines the object, and the behavior defines what the object does. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 5 Class Name: Circle Data Fields: radius is Methods: getArea Circle Object 1 Data Fields: radius is 10 Circle Object 1 Data Fields: radius is 13 A Class Template Two objects of the Circle class

6. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 6 Classes Classes are constructs that define objects of the same type. A Java class uses variables to define data fields and methods to define behaviors. Additionally, a class provides a special type of methods, known as constructors, which are invoked to construct objects from the class.

7. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 7 Classes

8. UML class diagram 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 8 Circle radius: double Circle() Circle(radius : double) getArea() : double UML Class Diagram Class Name Data fields Constructors and methods circle1 : Circle radius = 1.0 circle2 : Circle radius = 2.0 circle3 : Circle radius = 10.0 UML Object Diagram

9. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 9 8.3 Example: Defining Classes and Creating Objects Example: Circle1 Circle1 radius: double Circle() Circle(radius : double) getArea() : double

10. Example2: TV 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 10 TV channel: int volumeLevel: int on: boolean +TV() +turnOn(): void +turnOff(): void +setChannel( newChannel: int): void +setVolumeLevel( newVolumnLevel: int): void +channelUp(): void +channelDown(): void +volumeUp(): void +volumeDown(): void

11. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 11 8.4 Constructing Objects Using Constructors Circle() { } Circle(double newRadius) { radius = newRadius; } Constructors are a special kind of methods that are invoked to construct objects.

12. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 12 Constructors, cont.  Constructors must have the same name as the class itself.  Constructors do not have a return type—not even void.  Constructors are invoked using the new operator when an object is created. Constructors play the role of initializing objects.

13. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 13 Creating Objects Using Constructors new ClassName(); Example: new Circle(); new Circle(5.0);

14. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 14 Default Constructor A class may be declared without constructors. In this case, a no-arg constructor with an empty body is implicitly declared in the class. This constructor, called a default constructor, is provided automatically only if no constructors are explicitly declared in the class.

15. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 15 Constructing Objects, cont. Circle radius: double Circle() Circle(radius : double) getArea() : double circle1 : Circle radius = 1.0 circle2 : Circle radius = 2.0 circle3 : Circle radius = 8.0 circle1 = New Circle(); circle3 = New Circle(8.0);

16. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 16 8.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables Reference variables and Reference Types Accessing an Object ’ s Data and Methods The null value Default value for a data field Differences between variables of primitive types and reference types

17. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 17 8.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables Reference variables and Reference Types Accessing an Object ’ s Data and Methods The null value Default value for a data field Differences between variables of primitive types and reference types To declare a reference variable, use the syntax: ClassName objectRefVar; Example: Circle myCircle; To create an object myCircle = new Circle(2.0);

18. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 18 8.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables Reference variables and Reference Types Accessing an Object ’ s Data and Methods The null value Default value for a data field Differences between variables of primitive types and reference types F Referencing the object’s data: objectRefVar.data e.g., myCircle.radius F Invoking the object’s method: objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) e.g., myCircle.getArea()

19. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 19 8.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables Reference variables and Reference Types Accessing an Object ’ s Data and Methods The null value, Default value for a data field Differences between variables of primitive types and reference types If a variable of a reference type does not reference any object, the variable holds a special literal value, null. The default value of a data field is null for a reference type, 0 for a numeric type, false for a boolean type, and '\u0000' for a char type. However, Java assigns no default value to a local variable inside a method.

20. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 20 example public class Student { String name; // name has default value null int age; // age has default value 0 boolean isScienceMajor; // has default value false char gender; // c has default value '\u0000' public static void main(String[] args) { Student student = new Student(); System.out.println("name? " + student.name); System.out.println("age? " + student.age); System.out.println("isScienceMajor? "+student.isScienceMajor); System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender); }

21. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 21 example public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int x; // x has no default value String y; // y has no default value System.out.println("x is " + x); System.out.println("y is " + y); } } Compilation error: variables not initialized

22. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 22 8.5 Accessing Objects via Reference Variables Reference variables and Reference Types Accessing an Object ’ s Data and Methods The null value,Default value for a data field Differences between variables of primitive types and reference types

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26. Garbage Collection As shown in the previous figure, after the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to the same object referenced by c2. The object previously referenced by c1 is no longer referenced. This object is known as garbage. Garbage is automatically collected by JVM. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 26

27. About malloc() and free() in c 据说在每个软件公司里, 都有一个扫地的老太太. 很偶 然地, 当她经过一个程序员的身边, 扫一眼屏幕上的代 码, 会低声提醒对方说 : 小心, 内存会溢出... 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 27

28. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 28 8.6 Using classes from the Java Library 8.6.1 The Date class Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date and time in the java.util.Date class. You can use the Date class to create an instance for the current date and time and use its toString method to return the date and time as a string. For example, the following code java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date(); System.out.println(date.toString()); displays a string like Sun Mar 09 13:50:19 EST 2003.

29. 8.6.2 The Random class java.util.Random 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 29

30. 8.6.3 Displaying GUI Components When you develop programs to create graphical user interfaces, you will use Java classes such as JFrame, JButton, JRadioButton, JComboBox, and JList to create frames, buttons, radio buttons, combo boxes, lists, and so on. Here is an example that creates two windows using the JFrame class. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 30 TestFrame Run

31. import javax.swing.JFrame; public class TestFrame { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle("Window 1"); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setLocation(200, 100); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle("Window 2"); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setLocation(410, 100); frame2.setVisible(true); }

32. Adding GUI Components to Window You can add graphical user interface components, such as buttons, labels, text fields, combo boxes, lists, and menus, to the window. The components are defined using classes. Here is an example to create buttons, labels, text fields, check boxes, radio buttons, and combo boxes. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 32 GUIComponents Run

33. import javax.swing.*; public class TestFrame { public static void main(String[] args) { JButton jbtOK = new JButton(“OK”); JPanel panel = new JPanel(); panel.add(jbtOK); JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.add(panel); frame1.setTitle("Window 1"); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setLocation(200, 100); frame1.setVisible(true); }

34. 8.7 Instance vs. Static Instance Variables, and Methods Instance variables belong to a specific instance. Instance methods are invoked by an instance of the class. Static Variables, Constants, and Methods Static variables are shared by all the instances of the class. Static methods are not tied to a specific object. Static constants are final variables shared by all the instances of the class 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 34

35. Circle2 radius: double numberOfObjects: int Circle() Circle(radius : double) getNumberOfObjects(): int getArea() : double

36. public class Circle2 { double radius; /* The radius of the circle */ static int numberOfObjects = 0; /* Number of the objects created */ /** Construct a circle with radius 1 */ Circle2() { radius = 1.0; numberOfObjects++; } /** Construct a circle with a specified radius */ Circle2(double newRadius) { radius = newRadius; numberOfObjects++; } /** Return numberOfObjects */ static int getNumberOfObjects() { return numberOfObjects; } /** Return the area of this circle */ double getArea() { return radius * radius * Math.PI; }

37. public class TestCircle2 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Before creating objects"); System.out.println("The number of Circle objects is " + Circle2.numberOfObjects); Circle2 c1 = new Circle2(); System.out.println("\nAfter creating c1"); System.out.println("c1: radius (" + c1.radius + ") and number of Circle objects (" + c1.numberOfObjects + ")"); Circle2 c2 = new Circle2(5); c1.radius = 9; System.out.println("\nAfter creating c2 and modifying c1"); System.out.println("c1: radius (" + c1.radius + ") and number of Circle objects (" + c1.numberOfObjects + ")"); System.out.println("c2: radius (" + c2.radius + ") and number of Circle objects (" + c2.numberOfObjects + ")"); }

38. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 38 8.8 Visibility Modifiers public The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any package. private The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring class. By default, the class, variable, or method can be accessed by any class in the same package.

39. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 39 The private modifier restricts access to within a class, the default modifier restricts access to within a package, and the public modifier enables unrestricted access.

40. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 40 8.9 Data Field Encapsulation To protect data. To make class easy to maintain. The get and set methods are used to read and modify private properties  A get method has the following signature public returnType getPropertyName()  If the returnType is boolean: Public boolean isPropertyName()  A set method has the following signature Public void setPropertyName(dataType propertyName)

41. Circle3 -radius: double -numberOfObjects: int +Circle() +Circle(radius : double) +getRadius(): double +setRadius(radius: double): void +getNumberOFObjects(): int +getArea() : double

42. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 42 8.10 Passing Objects to Methods Passing by value for primitive type value (the value is passed to the parameter) Passing by value for reference type value (the value is the reference to the object)

43. public class TestPassObject { public static void main(String[] args) { // Create a Circle object with radius 1 Circle3 myCircle = new Circle3(1); // Print areas for radius 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. int n = 5; printAreas(myCircle, n); // See myCircle.radius and times System.out.println("\n" + "Radius is " + myCircle.getRadius()); System.out.println("n is " + n); } public static void printAreas(Circle3 c, int times) { System.out.println("Radius \t\tArea"); while (times-- >= 1) { System.out.println(c.getRadius() + "\t\t" + c.getArea()); c.setRadius(c.getRadius() + 1); }

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45. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 45 8.11 Array of Objects Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10]; An array of objects is actually an array of reference variables. So invoking circleArray[1].findArea() involves two levels of referencing as shown in the next figure. circleArray references to the entire array. circleArray[1] references to a Circle object.

46. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 46 Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10]; for (int i = 0; i < circleArray.length; i++) { circleArray[i] = new Circle(); }

47. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 47 Example 7.2: Summarizing the areas of the circles

48. 2016-6-26Introduction to Java ProgrammingChapter 7 - 48 8.12 CASE STUDY: The StackOfIntegers Class Run TestStackOfIntegers