1. TAFT TO WILSON 1908 to 1912

2. Taft Tackles the Tariff Issue n Called a special session of Congress in 1909 n Fulfilling a campaign pledge, Taft called for a reduction of tariff rates n An unskilled negotiator, he was instead talked into supporting a rise in the tariff rate on some items

3. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff n Taft unwilling to fight the conservs. n P-A Tariff raised rates on hundreds of items n Taft could have vetoed and kept the support of progressive Reps. n Chose to sign n Called it “the best bill the Repubs. ever signed.”

4. Payne-Aldrich Tariff sets off a split within the Rep. party. n Conservatives favored its protectionism n Progressives opposed its preservation of high rates

5. Taft and Joe Cannon n Cannon a powerful Speaker of the House - like Czar Reed n “Revolt of 1910” - Prog. Reps. challenged “Cannonism” n Progressives expected Taft to back their push against Cannon n Taft supported Cannon n A split develops in Repub. party

6. Taft’s Conservation Policies n Taft set aside more public lands n Expanded the National Park system n Had a better record on conservation than TR, but...

7. BALLINGER-PINCHOT CONTROVERSY 1910 n Ballinger opened fed. land to private leasing n Pinchot denouced Ballinger’s actions n Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot n Progressives were predictably angry

8. Taft’s Progressive Record n 90 Anti-Trust Suits n Standard Oil v. U.S. breaks up S.O. trust (1911) n U.S. v. American Tobacco Co. (1911) forces reorganization n Mann-Elkins Act (1910) strengthened the ICC

9. MORE… n Worked for child labor laws n Imposed safety laws on mines and railroads n Instituted 8-hour workday for govt. employees n Expanded civil service system

10. Taft’s Weaknesses n He was no Teddy Roosevelt! n He was not a unifying force - often created more problems than he solved with Congress n Better suited for his later job as Chief Justice of the Supreme Ct.

11. Hey! You’re Not a Reformer! n Teddy’s back & mad at Taft! n Campaigns for Progressive Candidates n Osawatomie, KS - TR speech on 8/31/10 outlines “New Nationalism” n “National need before sectional or personal advantage”

12. More on New Nationalism n Calls for tighter govt. regulation of business n Programs for public welfare n Limits on Supreme Court’s power to strike down prog. reforms

13. The Election of 1912 n TR denounced Taft - announced he would run for Rep. nomination n Progressive rebellion split party n Bob LaFollette (R-WI) challenged Taft for the Repub. nomination n Entrance of TR in race funneled support away from LaFollete

14. TR’s Problem - Taft Controlled the Convention n Taft won the party nomination n Outraged progressives storm out of the convention n Formed the Progressive Party n Progressives nominated TR - party comes to be known as the “Bull Moose Party”

15. Democrats Nominate Wilson n Wilson’s program - “New Freedom” n TR pushes “New Nationalism” n American Socialist Party ran Eugene Debs (American Railway Union) n Wilson wins [435 to 88(TR) & 8 (Taft)] n 1st Dem. Prez of 20th century

16. A Highly Successful President n 1st prez to appear before Congress & request legislation since Jefferson n Appealed to people to pressure Congress for support of Wilson’s goals n Set out to reform the “Triple Wall of Privilege” –Tariffs –Banking System –Trusts

17. The Triple Wall of Privilege n Underwood Tariff (1913) - downward revision of tariff rates –Also included a graduated income tax n The Federal Reserve Act (1913) n Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) n Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

18. Limitations of “New Freedom” n Wilson slow to embrace woman suffrage movement n Reluctant to push for child labor laws n Believed racial segregation was in best interests of blacks n Rumblings of war diverted attention away from reform n Despite these, Wilson was re-elected in 1916 - “He kept us out of the war”