2. Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

3.  A.A democracy functions best when its citizens can read and write B.Most children received a basic education (only 2 % finished high school) C. Farmers children only attended from Nov. to April D.Many child labor laws were passed around 1900 I. The Expansion of Education

4.  II. The Americanization of immigrants

5.   Public schools played a vital role in assimilating immigrants  Many immigrants moved here for the opportunity of a free education  Learning to read and write in English prepared immigrants for American citizenship

6.   College enrollment doubled between 1890 and 1910  Opportunity for higher ed. set the U.S. apart from other countries  Philanthropists made education a possibility for many III. Expansion of higher education

7.  A. Immigrants, the poor, and minorities were less likely to receive an education B.Separate women’s universities were established try to segregate C. African Americans were not allowed to attend most universities  A few did allow them: Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin  Several African American universities were established to provide for them: Wilberforce, Howard, Atlanta, etc.  Number of African Americans receiving a degree was very small IV. Discrimination in education

8.  V. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

9.  A. Booker T. Washington thought African Americans should focus on alleviating their economic situation before worrying about their political situation (focus on education). 1.Stressed vocational education and job training 2.“as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”

10.  B. W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard 1.Fought for economic, political, and social equality 2.Founded the Niagara Movement 3.Helped form the NAACP

11.  Part Two: The Jim Crow era A. Voting restrictions 1. Poll tax 2. Literacy tests 3. Grandfather clauses

12.  1.Separation of people by race 2. de facto segregation – caused by tradition (common thing, but not by law) 3. Jim Crow laws (de jure – by law ) – laws meant to segregate races and take away rights from African Americans B.Segregation

13.  C. Plessy vs. Ferguson 1.The Civil Rights cases overturned the Civil Rights Act (1883) 2.African American Homer Plessy sued for the right to sit wherever he wanted on the train 3.The courts ruled that facilities and services needed to be separate-but-equal 4. Jim Crow laws did not violate the 14 th Amendment

14.  D. Violence against African Americans 1.Blacks were forced to follow strict etiquette codes 2.Breeches in these etiquette codes resulted in violence 3.From 1882 to 1892 over 1,200 blacks were lynched 4. Ida B. Wells led an anti- lynching campaign

15.  E. The Great Migration 1.Blacks moved north to escape violence and legal segregation; escape poverty and look for jobs 2.Discovered de facto segregation 3. Race riots erupted in many cities due to the white fear of job competition

16.  A.Many African American leaders rose to fight discrimination I.Booker T Washington II.WEB DuBois B.Organized the NAACP 1.Abolish segregation and discrimination 2.Oppose racism 3.Gain civil rights for African Americans II. Resisting Discrimination

18.  I. Reforms needed to clean up problems created by industrialization A. Progressives sought reform in four main areas 1.Social 2.Moral 3.Economic 4.Political

19.  B. Four common goals of Progressives 1.Gov. should be accountable to its citizens 2.Gov. should curb the power of wealthy interests 3.Gov. should expand to improve the lives of its citizens 4.Gov. should become efficient and less corrupt

20.  C. Muckrakers 1.Journalists who pointed out the evils of society 2.Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

21.  A.Poor working conditions needed to be reformed 1.Dangerous working conditions 2. Long hours, low wages, no job security, no benefits 3.Discrimination against women 4. Child labor II. Progressive reforms in factories

23.  B. Successful reforms 1.Organizations created to regulate factory working conditions 2.Standardizing an 8 hour work day (Adamson Act) 3.Passing of child labor laws (Keating-Owen Act)

24.  C. Progressive impacts on labor unions (strengthened) 1. Knights of Labor 2.American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers ) 3.American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs ) 4.Industrial Ladies’ Garment Workers Unions

25.  D. Major Strikes 1. Haymarket Square 2. Homestead Strike 3. Pullman Strike

26.  A. Local governments 1.Tried to meet demands of increased urbanization 2. Commission and council managers B. State governments 1. Referendums (citizens vote to decide if a bill becomes a law) and initiatives (voters write their own bills) 2. Recalls In elections- voters can remove government officials from office before their term is up C.In elections 1. Primary Elections- citizens choose who they want to run in the upcoming elections (use to be political party leaders who chose) 2. Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment) 3.Approval of the secret ballot system- people vote in private & kept confidential III. Progressive accomplishments in government

27.  A.Theodore Roosevelt’s “ Square Deal ”  Goal-keeping wealthy & powerful from taking advantage of small businesses & poor  Idea is just like a square has 4 equal sides the Square Deal would be equal for all B. Anti-trust laws 1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act banned any business that restricted trade (T. Roosevelt) 2. Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands the Sherman Act (spells out what activities are illegal for businesses) (Woodrow Wilson) 3.Outlaws price-fixing 4.TR broke up holding companies that had monopolies IV. Progressive federal reforms

29.  C.Woodrow Wilson’s “ New Freedom ”  reforms promoted by Wilson  Called for less government but actually strengthened government control  Example: Federal Reserve System & Clayton Anti-Trust Act IV. Progressive federal reforms

30.  A.16 th Amendment: Income Tax- Government can place higher taxes on the wealthy B.17 th Amendment: Direct election of US Senators C.18 th Amendment: Prohibition- illegal to produce or sell alcohol D.19 th Amendment: Women right to vote Progressive Amendments