1. Unit 5 Day 38: Middle Ages Christianity

2. Building Castles!  We are building castles on Thursday, March 10!  Please bring materials to build with that are NOT TOO MESSY  DO NOT BRING: (including but not limited to) 1. Styrofoam 2. Glitter 3. Sand 4. Liquids/gels 5. Electric cutting tools If you make a mess, YOU WILL CLEAN IT UP YOURSELF!

3. Medieval Church = essential to daily life  Priests administered sacraments: sacred rites  Explain Bible, preach, offer guidance & help  Bible written in Latin only  Village church: largest public building  Daily life revolved around church  Relics: possessions/remains of saints  Large churches = cathedrals  Doctrine: men & women equal before God  Women on earth were weak, easily led into sin, need guidance of men; ideal woman = Mary

4. Monasteries (Monks) and Convents (Nuns)  Benedictine Rule (530): 3 vows 1. Obedience to abbot or abbess 2. Vow of poverty 3. Vow of chastity (purity)  Divided day in work, study, worship  Labor: experiment w/ crops, improve economy  Provide basic health/educational services in MA  Also gave lodging/food to travelers and pilgrims  Kept learning alive: libraries (Greek/Roman works)  Hand-copied books, wrote histories  Nuns have freedoms in early MA church

5. Church Power Grows  Medieval church = most powerful secular (worldly) force in Europe  Papal Supremacy: pope’s authority over secular rulers  Pope owned land in central Italy: Papal States  Monasteries owned large land, economic/political power  Canon Law: church body of law, based on religious teachings (dealt with marriage, morals, wills)  Excommunication: no sacraments or Christian burial, condemned to hell  Interdict: excommunicating an entire town, caused revolts  Declined warfare during 1100s in Europe b/c of Church

6. Corruption/Reform  Priests focused less on church, more on family  Abbot Berno (900s): reformed Cluny in France  Revived Benedictine Rule  Pope directly protected Cluny monastery  For next 200 yrs, monasteries/convents copy reforms  Gregory VII (1073) former monk, became pope  Limit secular influence on Church  Church alone chooses officials like bishops  Outlawed marriage for priests  Prohibited simony: selling of Church offices

7. Friars  Monks who didn’t live in isolated monasteries  Franciscans: first order of friars in Italy  St. Francis of Assisi: gave up rich life, devote to preaching gospel and doing good works  Preached poverty, humility, love of God  Dominican order, St. Dominic (Spanish priest)  Dedicated to teaching official Christian beliefs to combat heresies (doctrines that differ from church teaching)

8. Agriculture and Trade  Better technology, better farming, population grows  Iron plows pulled by horses (instead of oxen)  Crop rotation: three-field farming = more food  1. Grain, 2. legumes, 3. unplanted  Soil rests, gains nutrients, rotate each season  Trade routes expand  Towns/Cities grow  Richest = in Northern Italy and Flanders (ends of trade routes)  Charters (written documents that set up rights and privileges of town, in return for yearly fee)  set up towns

9. Commercial Revolution  Trade revives, use of $ increases  Need for capital (investment $) stimulates growth of banks  Merchants extend credit to one another  Partnerships: merchants join up, pool $ to finance venture that would be too expensive alone  Develop system of insurance to reduce business risks  $$ Practices adopted from Muslim merchants  1300, most W. Europe peasants were:  Tenant farmers (Paid to rent land) or  Hired farm laborers  Church forbade loaning $ at interest, so Jews became moneylenders (increased resentment)

10. Rise of Middle Class  Social class between nobles and peasants  Merchants, traders, artisans  These groups formed associations called guilds  Guilds represent workers in one occupation  Cooperate to protect own economic interests  Prevent competition, limit guild membership  Rules protect quality of goods, hours of labor  Guilds operated schools/hospitals, looked after needs of members, support widows/orphans  Apprentice (7)  journeymen (salaried workers)  Guild masters (rarely achieved)  Women could join, even be masters

11. Get out a piece of notebook paper  Fold in half (long-ways)  On one side, write “Already Knew”  On other side, write “Just Learned”  Fill out completely and turn in after video is finished  “Plague”