1. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Adrenoceptors  The adrenergic receptors are classified into Two categories: Two categories: 1- α- receptors 1- α- receptors 2- β- receptors 2- β- receptors  There are some subtypes

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Adrenergic Receptors α Subtypeβ Subtype ↑ Phospholipase C↓ Adenylate cyclase α1α1α2α2 β1, β2 & β3 ↑ Adenylate cyclase smooth muscles - Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminal -CNS -β cells of pancreas β1 (heart) β2 (smooth muscles) β 3 (lipocytes) Adrenergic Receptors β Subtype Adrenergic Receptors α Subtype Adrenergic Receptors

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. α 1 -adrenergic Receptors α 1 -adrenergic Receptors  In all sympathetic target organs  Response  Constriction of blood vessels  Dilation of pupils  Contraction of sphincters

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. α 2 -adrenergic Receptors α 2 -adrenergic Receptors  At presynaptic adrenergic neuron terminals  Activation inhibits release of norepinephrine  Insulin secreting β cells of pancreas

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. β1-adrenergic Receptors  In heart and kidneys  Response  Activation increases heart rate and force of contraction of heart.  Increases release of renin

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. β2-adrenergic Receptors  In all sympathetic target organs  Inhibit smooth muscle  Control metabolism in the liver

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9. OrganSympatheticRParasympatheticR HeartStimulantβ1β1Depressant of atriaM2 Smooth Muscles a- BVConstriction Dilation (BV Sk. M.) Kidney Vasculature αβ2Dαβ2D No innervation (dilation by EDRF) M3 b- BronchiNo innervationβ2β2Constriction ↑ Secretion M3 c- GIT Smooth muscle Sphincter Glands ↓ motility Constriction ----- β2α1β2α1 ↑ motility Dilation ↑ Secretion ↑Gastric acid Enteric system M3 M1 d- Urinary Bladder Smooth muscle Sphincter Relaxation Constriction β2α1β2α1 Contraction Dilation M3

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. OrganSympatheticRParasympatheticR e- Eye: * Iris -Radial muscle -Circular muscle *Ciliary Muscle Contraction Relaxation (slight) α1β2α1β2 Constriction Contraction M3 Glands: Salivary Glands Lacrimal Glands Sweat Glands: Thermoregulatory Apocrine (stress) ↑ Secretion No effect ↑ Secretion α1, β2 -------- M3 α1 ↑ Secretion M3 Metabolic Functions: Liver Adipose tissue Kidney Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Renin release β2β2β3β1β2β2β3β1

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. α 1 – Adrenoceptors

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. α 1 – adrenoceptors (continue) Site of α 1 – adrenoceptors & the effects of their stimulation α 1 – adrenoceptors (continue) Site of α 1 – adrenoceptors & the effects of their stimulation  In vascular smooth muscle.  α 1 stimulation cause vasoconstriction (VC) : Vasoconstriction in the skin & viscera cause increase total vascular resistance (TVR) causing increase blood pressure (BP) Vasoconstriction in the skin & viscera cause increase total vascular resistance (TVR) causing increase blood pressure (BP)  α1 – adrenoceptors the most determine of arteriolar tone. When their stimulated no others receptors have an affects on BP. So, hypertension may be treated by blocking α1 Vasoconstriction in the nasal blood vessels cause relief of congestion Vasoconstriction in the nasal blood vessels cause relief of congestion  In the radial muscle of iris.  α1 stimulation causes contraction of the radial muscle causing mydriasis (dilation of the pupil)

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Continue….  In the smooth muscle of the sphincters of GIT.  α1 stimulation cause contraction of all sphincters  In the smooth muscle of internal sphincter of urinary bladder (Very important). α 1a subtypes stimulation cause contraction and closure of the sphincters (precipitate urinary retention)  In the seminal vesicles. α stimulation cause ejaculation. Thus, all α blockers inhibit ejaculation  In the liver.  α1 stimulation causes increase glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

14. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. α 2 –adrenoceptors Site of α 2 – adrenoceptors & the effects of their stimulation  In adrenergic nerve terminals (presynaptic).  α 2 stimulation cause decreased Norepinephrine release (autoregulatory mechanism). It opposes the action of sympathetic stimulation.  In pancreas.  causes decreased insulin release   In platelets.  Increase platelets aggregation via c-AMP

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

16. β 1 – adrenoceptors  In the heart. β 1 stimulation causes  In S.A node : increase heart rate (HR) (+ve chronotropic)  In Myocardium tissue : increase contractility (+ve inotropic)  In Conducting system : increase conduction velocity (+ve dromotropic)  Increase ectopic beats  In the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the kidney. β 1 stimulation cause increased renin release. Then causes increase in BP

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. β 2 – adrenoceptors  In the bronchial smooth muscle β 2 stimulation causes relaxation of smooth muscle (bronchodilatation)  In the smooth muscle of blood vessels supplying the skeletal muscle. β 2 stimulation causes relaxation of smooth muscle  Vasodilatation(VD)  This VD effects is usually masked by the potent VC effect of α1 – receptors

18. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Continue  In the smooth muscle of GIT wall.  β 2 stimulation cause relaxation of the wall leading to decreased peristalsis  In the smooth muscle of the wall of urinary bladder.  β 2 stimulation causes relaxation of the wall  Note: Adrenergic stimulation is opposite to the cholinergic in the wall and sphincters in GIT and genitourinary tract.

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Continue  In the smooth muscle of the uterus  β 2 stimulation causes relaxation of the uterus (Ritodrine delay the labor)  In the liver.  β 2 stimulation causes increased Glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis  Effect on potassium.  β 2 stimulation increase potassium influx.