1. GEOGRAPHY & THE STONE AGE Respectively Submitted By C. Stephen Ingraham & Mrs. McMaster 2/3/2013 csI13 8 Students are only responsible for the starred slides in their notebook.

2. This is how Mullen students roll…. We are always on time to class We come prepared to learn. We always allow other students to learn. We respect the personal space of others.

3. Social Studies Bk. # ______Name ___________________________ Mr. Ingraham & Mrs. McMaster Date _______________ Table of Contents Wiki: http://timescapes.pbworks.comhttp://timescapes.pbworks.com e-mail: singraham@gloucester.k12.nj.ussingraham@gloucester.k12.nj.us Table of Contents 1.Heading & Contacts 2.Quick Quiz 3.Hunters & Gatherers 4.Early Cultures & Societies 5.Controlling Nature 6.Effects of Change 1

4. Geographic Review: All things Change Answer these Questions. 1)How many continents are there? 2) List as many as you can by name 3) How many Oceans are there? 4) List as many as you can by name. 2

5. 1)Commonality & Diversity 2)Conflict & Cooperation 3) Continuity & Change 4) Individualism & Interdependence 5) Interaction Within Different Environments The Five Powerful Ideas of Social Studies

6. Geography Vocabulary 1) Basin – an area surrounded by higher land: an area drained by a river and its tributaries. 2) Canal – a man-made waterway, for irrigation or transportation. 3) Coast – a strip of land bordering the sea or ocean. 4) Delta – an area of land formed by deposits at the mouth of a river. 5) Desert – an area of land with little rainfall or vegetation. 6) Flood plain – flat land that is near the edges of a river and is formed by the silt deposited by floods. 7) Harbor – a sheltered area along a coast where ships can safely anchor. 8) Isthmus – a narrow strip of land that connects two larger bodies of land. 9) Mountain – an area of land rising much higher than the land around it, with steep slopes and pointed or rounded tops. 10) Oasis – a place in the desert with enough water to support vegetation. 11) Peninsula – a long piece of land surrounded on three sides by water. 12) River – any stream of fresh water flowing by gravity from an upland source into a body of water or another river 13) Sea (or Ocean) –a large body of salt water, smaller than an ocean. 14) Strait – a stretch of water joining two larger bodies of water, narrower than a channel. 15) Tributary – a river that flows into a larger river. 16) Valley – a long, low area, usually with a river flowing through it, and often lying between mountains or hills. 2a

7. THE STONE AGE I.Hunters & Gatherers A. Earliest Humans 1. Lived in Africa 2. Moved in hunting groups & gathered food to survive B. Getting Food 1. Experience taught them the consequences, or effects of eating certain animals or plants. 2. Cooperated for basic needs of 20 people a. food – hunted large animal: giant oxen, woolly rhinoceroses, & mammoth. b. clothing c. shelter – animal hides (movable) seasonal camps following animals & sources of food. 3

8. THE STONE AGE SONG by Mr. Ingraham 9/26/05 Let’s get together and unite in clans related groups of families. Spending all day hunting the land for fruits, nuts, and any animal we see. We will migrate with the herds. Shh! Be Quiet! Pass the word Together (We might even see a mammoth) Let’s spread through the world, Yeah, Yeah, Yeah. Traveling so we can eat is fun. Out of Africa where it is hot The equator gets the direct rays of the sun. Some wander Europe which is fine, Others across Asia at the same time, but not together (‘tween glaciers slipping to America) Forming cultures which uniquely set us apart Language, customs, beliefs, and art. Merging of twenty people clans Cause more organized societies to start. Dividing up the jobs Best be doing what you can working together (We can raise goats and pigs)

9. THE STONE AGE SONG by Mr. Ingraham 9/26/05 Hunting was fun, but not all the time. Domestication of animals is fine. Agriculture, or the raising of crops, Means less hunting and more free time. No longer nomads on the run, We can subsist and have some fun, Together (Growing barley, wheat, and maise) Together in the Stone Age!!! Yeah. Sung to Disney’s “Let’s get Together”.

10. Lucy was discovered in 1974 by anthropologist Professor Donald Johanson and his student Tom Gray in a maze of ravines at Hadar in northern Ethiopia. Johanson and Gray were out searching the scorched terrain for animal bones in the sand, ash and silt when they spotted a tiny fragment of arm bone. Discovery of a lifetime Johanson immediately recognised it as belonging to a hominid. As they looked up the slope, they saw more bone fragments: ribs, vertebrae, thighbones and a partial jawbone.They eventually unearthed 47 bones of a skeleton - nearly 40% of a hominid, or humanlike creature, that lived around 3.2 million years ago. Based on its small size, and pelvic shape, they concluded it was female and named it 'Lucy' after 'Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds', the Beatles song playing on the radio when Johanson and his team were celebrating the discovery back at camp. Mother of man - 3.2 million years ago

11. C. Spreading Through the World Africa 200,000 years ago Earliest Humans in the Rift Valley

12. 100,000 years ago Human Migration Begins

13. Middle East 60,000 years ago

14. Europe Asia 50,000 years ago

16. Australia 40,000 years ago

17. O 20 N 40 N 60 N 80 N 90 N 20 S 40 S 60 S 80 S 90 CSI10 Prime Meridian O 20 W 40 W 60 W 80 W 20 E 40 E 60 E 80 E North Pole South Pole The Water Cycle Evaporation Precipitation or Rain Run off Travels in Rivers back to the Oceans Ground Water Becomes Drinking water becomes Condensation Accumulation In the world’s Oceans Prime Meridian

18. North America 25,000 years ago 1. The last Ice Age or long cold-weather period, lowers the Sea Level and humans cross the land bridge called Beringia to North America.

19. North America 25,000 years ago 2. Glaciers, or large moving ice sheets wore down the land into huge areas of tundra, or large treeless plains in the Artic regions.

20. South America 12,000 years ago

21. Humans have now populated the entire Planet Earth.

22. Nile Valley Tigris-Euphrates Valley Indus Valley Huang He Valley Middle America Andean Asia: 17,139,000 Sq. Miles Africa: 11,677,239 Sq. Miles North America: 9,361,791 Sq. Miles South America: 6,900,000 Sq. Miles Antarctica: 5,100,000 Sq. Miles Europe: 4,032,000 Sq. Miles Oceania: 3,300,000 Sq. Miles

23. Lines of Latitude run parallel around the world North pole South Pole Equator O 20 N 40 N 60 N 80 N 90 N 20 S 40 S 60 S 80 S 90 S CSI12 Prime Meridian O 20 W 40 W 60 W 80 W 20 E 40 E 60 E 80 E North Pole South Pole Lines of Longitude run pole to pole 4

24. 40 N Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn 20 N O O Prime Meridian CSI07 20 S O 23 27’ S O 23 27’ N O 0 O The Eastern Hemisphere China India Egypt Mesopotamia The River Civilizations AFRICA EUROPE ASIA Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Mediterranean Sea 5

25. D. Early Cultures And Societies 1. People in different areas develop their own culture, or unique way of life. a. different clothing b. different shelters c. different art d. different beliefs e. different customs f. different language 2. These unique differences help early peoples become a society, or an organized group living and working under an established set or rules and traditions. 3. Clans merge and grow in size (50-100 members) and then begins the Division of Labor –different members have different roles, or tasks based on their abilities and the needs of the clan. 6 II. Early Farmers

26. B. Effects of Change 1. About 10,000 years ago they began to shift from collecting food to producing food. 2. Agriculture – the raising of domesticated plants and animals. Benefits a. Clan stay in one place b. Reliable food source. c. increased production of food.. d. more complex societies / division of labor. Problems e. More food needed for the animal. f. drought & insects killed crops & livestock. g. wars – farmland needed protecting 3. Effects on Environment – surroundings h. clearing pastures drove away the once hunted wild animals i. many wild plants disappeared. 7

27. The Stone Age Vocabulary 1. Clans - groups of related families (20) 2. migration - movement of (earliest) people 3. Ice Age - long periods of cold-weather forming huge glaciers. 4. Tundra -large, treeless arctic plains 5. Culture - A human society’s traditions, behavior patterns, art, knowledge, and religious beliefs 6. Artifacts - discovered objects made by early peoples 7. Society - an organized group living & working under rules & traditions 8. Division of labor - different members doing different tasks 9. Domesticate - to control nature for peoples use 10. agriculture - the raising of domesticated plants and animals. 11. Environment - surroundings 12. subsist - to live, to survive 7a

28. Nile Valley Tigris-Euphrates Valley Indus Valley Huang He Valley Middle America Andean C.Diversity in Early Agriculture 1. Different places develop differently a. Nile Valley (Egypt) grew wheat, barley, flax, & raised sheep, goats, & pigs b. Tigris & Euphrates Valley grew wheat, barley, flax & raised sheep & goat c. Indus & Huang He Valleys grew rice, millet, & raised pigs, chickens & water buffalo d. Andean & Bolivian grew beans, chili peppers, & potatoes e. Central or Middle America grew squash, gourds, guavas, & maise (corn). Subsist- live or survive. a. b. c. d. e.

29. The Fertile Crescent Song Let me tell you of a civilization Sung to the tune of “The Brady Bunch” Sumer, Sumer was its name It was between the Tigris and Euphrates, but it was not alone. There came along a mighty king, Sargon, the Akkadian was the name. He united all who feared him. You join or you’re insane. Still later came King Hammurabi With his mighty long code of laws. Even later came the Assyrian Army Led by Sennacherib the “destroyer”, Who crushed and killed And stole until the Persians came along and conquered him. CSI07 8

30. ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

31. Label the following: Equator, International Date Line, South Pole, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, Prime Meridian, and North Pole. CSI07

32. 0 10 N 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 60 S 70 S 80 S 90 S 20 N 30 N 40 N 50 N 60 N 70 N 80 N 90 N 0 10 E 20 E 30 E 40 E 50 E 60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 10 W 20 W 30 W 40 W 50 W 60 W 70 W 80 W 90 W o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ooooo o o oo o o oo o o