1. Security & Cooperation

2. Recent Security Threats

3. 21 st Century Security 9/11 (2001) War on Terror ◦ Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003) North Korea ◦ Concerns Concerns ◦ UN Resolution 2270 passed 3/2/16passed 3/2/16 ¤ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35835088

4. 21 st Century Security Arab Spring - 2011 Arab Spring Syria ◦ Assad regime http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring

5. 21 st Century Security Jihadism- ‘ struggle ’ Islamic extremists ◦ al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas ◦ al-Shabab- Somalia ◦ Boko Haram- Nigeria, bordering states  ‘Against Western education’ Islamic State (IS) ◦ Iraq, Syria, Libya Ivory Coast ◦ Numerous attacks ¤ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29063111

6. 21 st Century Security Ebola epidemic Zika threat Ukraine ◦ Crimea annexed ◦ Eastern revolt ¤ http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/distribution-map.html

7. Soviet Empire  15 Countries

8. History Repeating Itself? Rising Soviet Union Munich Conference ◦ Sudetenland ◦ Appeasement Policy  Concerns Neville Chamberlain ‘appeasing’ Hitler, 1938

9. Post-CW Era and NATO Why is the Baltic situation compared to the Sudetenland? Native-speaking Russians ◦ Estonia = 25% ◦ Latvia = 27% ◦ Lithuania = 6% - but– Kaliningrad factor Fear annex by Russia to protect ‘local’ population ◦ Russia  Ukraine (Crimea annex)  Latvian Russians support annexation (2 in 3) ◦ Poland also concerned Want EU, NATO to do more ◦ Tougher sanctions ◦ Need alternative gas supply ¤

10. SECURITY CHALLENGES

11. Increase in Arms Transfers Cold War, post-CW ◦ More weapons in circulation UNSC P5 + 1 ◦ Top arms sales countries in 2014 UN ATT proposal RankSupplierArms exports sales 1 United States$10.2 b 2 Russia$597 m 3 China$197 m 4 France$120 m 5 Germany$110 m, 6 United Kingdom$10.8 m https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry ; data from http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php

12. Increase in Severity: Technology http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/92_nations_sign_treaty_to_ban.htmlhttp://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/92_nations_sign_treaty_to_ban.html; Saudis use cluster bombs in Yemen Saudis use cluster bombs in Yemen

13. Focus, Frequency Change in focus of security ◦ Guns and bombs  human security Increase in frequency ◦ Decolonization ◦ Civil unrest http://bpm-americas.blogspot.com/2010/03/summary-para-states-quasi-states-and.html

14. Consequences of Conflict: Syria History More than 4m have fled Syria 66,000 fled in one day into TurkeyTurkey ¤ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-33457886

15. Consequences of Conflict: Syria http://news.usni.org/2014/01/21/document-u-s-response-syria

16. Consequences of Conflict http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28541909 a Syrian refugee camp in Jordan for 600,000+ people

17. Consequences of Conflict What are the int’l consequences of conflict? ◦ Spill-over effect ◦ Creates hostilities ◦ Interferes with trade ◦ Forestalls development ◦ Emigration ◦ Intervention issues ¤

18. THREATS

19. Int’l Terrorism What is terrorism? ◦ Instill terror in civilians ◦ Reaction to perceived threats  Colonization, westernization Int’l terrorism ◦ Organize, attack across borders  al-Qaeda, IS ◦ State-sponsored terrorism  Rwanda (Tutsi)  M23 Congo rebels  Iran (Shia)  Hezbollah, Houthis ¤ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34823938

20. Domestic Terrorism Objectives ◦ Attention ◦ Challenge gov’t ◦ Independence  Basques- Eta Is domestic opposition terrorism?  Freedom fighters v. terrorists ¤ Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK)

21. Additional Threats Transnational crime ◦ Traffic drugs, humans, weapons, etc. Cyber attacks ◦ Target infrastructure ◦ Steal data Piracy ¤ http://www.economist.com/node/18061574

22. Piracy Article Piracy Article How has piracy around Africa changed over the last few years? Government ◦ Somalia- failed state ◦ Nigeria- corruption  Targets often involved Area of seizure ◦ Somalia- int’l waters ◦ Nigeria- coastal Much more violent ◦ S- Hostages for ransom ◦ N- Stealing goods ¤

23. Piracy Article Piracy Article Why do people turn to piracy? GS economic issues ◦ Somalia- very poor ◦ Nigeria- oil; funding campaigns; illegal, and terrorist activities How do int’l efforts differ in east and west Africa? ◦ UNSC ◦ Regional IGOs ◦ Lack resources ◦ East more trafficked ◦ East int’l waters ¤

24. SECURITY THROUGH COOPERATION

25. Collective Security Bilateral China in SCS US response- Sell arms to Vietnam Multilateral Regional IGOs ◦ NATO, African Union Global IGOs  INTERPOL  UN ¤

26. Arms Reduction Pacts Antipersonnel Mine Treaty  161 signed- U.S., Russia, China didn’t  U.S.  sign w/ Korea exception UN Arms Trade Treaty Nuclear, chemical, biological conventions ¤ http://www.rainbowfund.org/landmines/

27. Combatting Terrorism How do charcoal exports support terrorism in Somalia? Supply Unique charcoal to offer al-Shabab takes a cut ◦ Impose ‘taxes’ ◦ ‘Shareholders’ Lack of UN export ban enforcement ◦ Import weapons from Yemen Demand Gulf states – shisha lounges Ignore UN ban ¤

28. Combatting Terrorism How can cooperation curb exports? African Union, Somali troops capture Barawe ◦ Located to smaller port in Kismayo Use anti-piracy forces to stop, search vessels Get importers to comply with UN sanctions ¤

29. Recap Security Challenges Threats Security through cooperation ¤