1. The Middle East Conflict leads to Conflict

2. Arab Nationalism Following WWII who would replace the Ottoman Empire? Ottomans weren’t a country and were only united by language and religion League of Nations creates Middle Eastern States Weren’t concerned with Ethnic or Religious ties = people had no strong ties to their country

3. Problems of Palestine 1917 Balfour Declaration – Great Britain states its intentions to create an Israeli State Angers Muslims in Palestine -98% of pop. Persecution and the Balfour Dec. = 450,000 Jews by 1939 British fearing Arab Nationalism try to limit Jewish Immigration Signals the trouble to come

4. The Question of Palestine Zionists – People who wanted Palestine as a home for Jews – Holocaust gains support for Jews In 1948, a UN resolution divided Palestine into a Jewish State and an Arab state May 14, 1948, Jews in Palestine proclaimed the State of Israel Arab Muslims felt betrayed and invaded Fails – but refuse to recognize Israel

5. Nasser and Pan-Arabism Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser takes control of Egypt in the 1950s July 26, 1956, Egypt seizes control of the Suez Canal Co. under British and French control Britain, France, and Israel attack began the Suez War of 1956 US and Soviets support Nasser force withdraw of troops Nasser begins to promote Pan-Arabism-Arab unity Many fearful – they don’t want to revenue share

6. Arab-Israeli Dispute In 1967 Nasser imposed a blockade against Israel June 5, 1967 Israel launched air strikes against Egypt and other Arab countries Israeli army broke the blockade and occupied the Sinai Peninsula Israel seized territory on the West Bank of the Jordan River, occupied Jerusalem, and took control of the Golan Heights During the b-day War, Israel tripled her territory Arab States demanded the return of the occupied territories Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar el-Sadat

7. Cont. In 1975, Sadat attacks Israel-ended by UN cease-fire in 1976 In 1960s many Arab oil-producing states created OPEC In 1973, OPEC announces large increases in the price of oil to foreign countries – led to shortages and economic problems in the US and Europe In 1977, Carter began pressing for a compromise between Arabs and Israelis September 1978 – Camp David Accords - An agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty signed by Sadat and Begin

8. THE PLO and the Intifada 1964 Egyptians lead the formation of the PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization Believed only Palestinians had the right to create a state in Palestine A guerilla movement called al-Fatah led by PLO leader Yasir Arafat began launching attacks on Israel 1980s haven’t achieved self-rule so they became more militant

9. Cont. Creates a movement called intifada or uprising among PLO supporters living in Israel In 1993 Israel and PLO reach an agreement calling for Palestinian autonomy in certain areas in return the PLO recognized the Israeli State Yasir Arafat became the head of the area known as the Palestinian Authority

10. Revolution in Iran Shah Pahlavi and oil helped Iran become a rich country Iran was the chief ally of the US Many devout Muslims disliked the New Iran – blamed the US Muslim clergy member Ayotollah Khomeini leads opposition 1n 1979 Shah’s government collapses and is replaced by an Islamic Republic Militants executed supporters of the Shah and take the American Embassy hostage

11. Iraq’s Aggression Controlled by Saddam Hussein since 1979 Large religious conflict with Iran Iran mostly Shiite Iraq mostly Sunnis Iraq attacked Iran in 1980 Used poison gas against civilians Used children to clear minefields Ceasefire in 1988 1990 invaded Kuwait – Persian Gulf War

12. Afghanistan and the Taliban After WWII the King of Afghanistan needed economic aid so he creates close ties with the Soviet Union King is overthrown by his cousin who is removed during a pro-soviet coup New leaders Nur Taraki and Babrak Karmal attempt to create a Communist Gov but those who want an Islamic State oppose Karmal calls Soviets for aid-full scale invasion Soviets occupied for 10 years but forced to withdraw by anti- communist forces supported by US and Pakistan Various Islamic rebel groups left to fight for control By 1998, Taliban controlled over 2/3 of the country

13. Society and Culture Islamic Revival – Reassertion of cultural identity, formal religious observance, family values, and morality

14. Islamic Militants Hostile of Western Culture – materials, greed, and immorality Goal is to remove all Western Influence in Muslim Countries Given people an unfavorable impression of Islam Islamic Jihad

15. Women’s Roles 1970s general trend toward a greater role for women Since then there has been a shift toward more traditional roles