1. Cell Respiration

2. Cell respiration The process of using oxygen to release usable energy (ATP) from sugar The process of using oxygen to release usable energy (ATP) from sugar

3. Cell respiration starts with the respiratory system Breathing –everyone does it! Breathing –everyone does it!

4. Respiratory system Oxygen goes in Oxygen goes in Carbon dioxide goes out Carbon dioxide goes out How does the Oxygen change to CO 2 ?? How does the Oxygen change to CO 2 ??

5. In the alveoli of the lungs, Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and CO2 diffuses out

6. The circulatory system brings the oxygen in blood to the cells

7. Blood pathway to cells Lungs  heart Lungs  heart Heart  arteries Heart  arteries Arteries  capillaries Arteries  capillaries

8. Once O2 blood gets to the cells In the capillaries, O 2 diffuses into cells and CO 2 diffuses out In the capillaries, O 2 diffuses into cells and CO 2 diffuses out

9. The circulatory system also brings Sugar (glucose) to the cells

10. Cell Respiration The complex process of cells “burning” sugar (glucose) with oxygen to form usable energy (ATP)

11. There are 2 types of cell respiration Aerobic – Anaerobic –

12. Aerobic cell respiration The “Usual” process of respiration in humans Aerobic means “air” Occurs with oxygen Produces up to 38 ATP per glucose

13. Anaerobic respiration Occurs without oxygen Produces only 2 ATP per glucose Fermentation is an anaerobic process

14. Fermentation Yeast and bacteria obtain energy through anaerobic respiration Yeast and bacteria obtain energy through anaerobic respiration Fermentation forms Alcohol, Vinegar and Lactic acid Fermentation forms Alcohol, Vinegar and Lactic acid

15. Bacteria can only use fermentation Prokaryotes have NO Membrane organelles  No mitochondria Prokaryotes have NO Membrane organelles  No mitochondria

17. Cheese Cheese is made by fermentation. Cheese is made by fermentation. Hand made cheese 7 min Hand made cheese 7 min Hand made cheese 7 min Hand made cheese 7 min How its made: cheese 4 min How its made: cheese 4 min How its made: cheese How its made: cheese

19. Lactic acid can form from over exercise or lack of training Not enough oxygen can cause painful lactic acid build up in muscles

20. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria Prokaryotes have no mitochondria so they can only perform anaerobic respiration Prokaryotes have no mitochondria so they can only perform anaerobic respiration

21. Cell Respiration Reaction: Sugar + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 0+ Energy (ATP) (glucose) (glucose)

22. Photosynthesis is the opposite of cell respiration (except energy type) Photosynthesis Photosynthesis In Chloroplasts CO 2 + H 2 O + SUN  Sugar + O 2 Respiration Respiration In Mitochondria Sugar + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Sugar + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP

23. Cell Respiration occurs in both plants and animals

24. 3 Stages of Cell Respiration: 1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (or Electron Transport System (ETS)

25. 1) Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose breaks into 2 pyruvate molecules Some Energy products form - 2 ATP and 2 NADH Over view C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 NADH

26. Glycolysis Energy investment 2 ATP must be used to initiate glycolysis. 2 ATP must be used to initiate glycolysis. Glycolysis produces 4 ATP Glycolysis produces 4 ATP NET gain is 2 ATP NET gain is 2 ATP

27. Enter Mitochondria Pyruvate then is transported into mitochondria Pyruvate then is transported into mitochondria Oxygen is Now needed Oxygen is Now needed

28. Each Pyruvate must become Acetyl CoA to enter Krebs cycle Each pyruvate forms 1 NADH = 2 per glucose Each pyruvate forms 1 NADH = 2 per glucose

29. 2) Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) Occurs in the Mitochondria Pyruvate is broken into C0 2 molecules More Energy molecules form (ATP, NADH and FADH 2 ) Overview 2 C-C-C (pyruvate) + O 2  6 CO 2 + 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH 2

30. Hydrogen Energy carriers These molecules gain energy in Redox reactions when electrons and hydrogen are added (they are reduced) These can be oxidized later to form ATP NAD+  NADH NAD+  NADH FAD+  FADH FAD+  FADH 2 (NADP+  NADPH) * only in photosynthesis (NADP+  NADPH) * only in photosynthesis

31. Krebs Cycle products from 1 glucose molecule Each Acetyl CoA must go around cycle Two turns per glucose molecule (once for each acetyl CoAs) TOTALS From 1 glucose 4 C0 2 4 C0 2 6 NADH 6 NADH 2 ATP (substrate level Phos.) 2 ATP (substrate level Phos.) 2 FADH 2 2 FADH 2

32. 3) Electron Transport System Occurs in the inner Mitochondria membrane NADH and FADH 2 are Oxidized (lose electrons) to form much ATP Oxygen is used up (reduced) Water (H 2 O) is produced from the O 2 and the Hydrogen from NADH and FADH2

33. ETC Energy : ETC Proteins use electrons from the NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP in redox reactions ETC Proteins use electrons from the NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP in redox reactions

34. ETC electron flow Electrons flow along protein chain in inner membrane Electrons flow along protein chain in inner membrane At end of ETC, Oxygen accepts electrons forming water At end of ETC, Oxygen accepts electrons forming water

35. Net ATP from aerobic respiration Each NADH = 3 ATP Each NADH = 3 ATP Each FADH = 2 ATP Each FADH = 2 ATP TOTAL = 36 ATP Note – Note – NADH from glycolysis, must use 1 ATP to get inside mitochondria

36. QUIZ What are the 3 stages of cell respiration? And their main purpose? 1) Glycolysis Purpose – Split glucose, form 2 ATP 2 NADH 2) Krebs Cycle Purpose – Form CO 2, form NADH, FADH2 +ATP 3) Electron transport chain Purpose – Use NADH + FADH 2 and O2 to form ATP + H 2 O