1. Standard Analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens

2. Differences: North and South Class Structure: North generally based on wealth; South based on wealth and being “born into the right family” Economy: Northern based on mining, industry, banks, stores, and railroads; Southern based on agriculture, including cotton, rice, and indigo

3. Issues and Events that led to the Civil War #1: Slavery- Most divisive issue that led to the Civil War Practice of forcing a person, that was considered property, to work for you with no pay and with no rights. North wanted it abolished (done away with); South supported it

4. Cotton Gin increase cotton profits and led to a high demand for slaves in the South

5. 1860- 118,000 white families in Georgia, 41,084 or 35 % of the population of the state owned slaves 3,500 free blacks lived in the state 4 million slaves in the U.S. Majority of slaves were in the South 11.5 % of U.S. slaves lived in Georgia Do Not Copy

6. There were different classes of slaves- house servants compared to field workers Lived on plantation in huts, food usually left over from owner, poor conditions It was illegal for slaves to learn to read and write

7. Georgia Stories http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/gr owth_of_slavery http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/gr owth_of_slavery http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/f anny_kembles_diary http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/f anny_kembles_diary

8. #2 States Rights The belief that the state’s interests should take precedence over the interests of the national government The North believed that the issues of the country were the most important, while the South believed in the idea of states’ rights

9. #3 Nullification Early 1800’s Congress passed protective tariffs to keep out competition. This raised the price of goods sold in the U.S. Tariffs hurt the South because they didn’t have factories and relied on imported goods and blamed the tariffs for the poor economy

10. John C. Calhoun, U.S. Vice-President, wrote The South Carolina Exposition which said that a state could nullify (prevent the enforcement) of a federal law. Calhoun believed that nullification provided a way for the South to protect slavery

11. South Carolina challenged the enforcement of the tariff and called for a special convention The convention nullified the tariff and refused to collect and tariff taxes State threatened to set up a separate government outside the Union, if the federal government resorted to force Little support from other states, eventually compromised and Congress passed a new tariff that reduced rates

12. #4: Missouri Compromise 1819 22 states in the U.S. (11 free, 11 slave)- equal representation in the Senate Missouri Territory applied for statehood as a slave state Congress adopted the Missouri Compromise in 1820, which allowed Maine to enter as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

13. Compromise also prohibited slavery north of 36degree 30 minute latitude Goal was to keep balance of slave and free states in the Senate and provide a temporary solution to the slavery question

14. #5: Compromise of 1850 Compromise between northern and southern states in 1850 California would enter Union as a free state New Mexico territory would not become part of Texas or a guaranteed slave state The District of Columbia would no longer trade slaves, but slave owners there could keep their slaves

15. Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners in slave states Utah and New Mexico territories could decide if they wanted to allow slaves or not

16. The Georgia Platform – Statement from the Georgia Convention in response to the Compromise of 1850. Supported by Union states, the Georgia Platform stated that the Southern states would agree to follow the Compromise of 1850 (and not leave the Union) as long as northern states would no longer attempt to take away rights from southern states.

17. #6: Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854, Stephen Douglas brought the Act which created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska Contained a clause of Popular Sovereignty- mean when a territory applied for statehood, the people could vote if they wanted to be a free state or a slave state

18. Northerners were angry because this changed the Missouri Compromise

19. 2 groups: Free soil were against slavery and wanted land used for farming; vs. pro slavery Fights broke out among the two groups Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for statehood, southerners realized the northern votes alone could keep slave states from the Union Due to all the violence, the territory was called “Bleeding Kansas”

20. #7: The Dred Scott Supreme Court Case and Decision Supreme Court ruling in 1857 A slave filed suit after he lived in free states with his owner but was returned to slave state

21. Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not file lawsuits Court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories Decision further separated the North and South

22. #8: Election of 1860 Democrats could not agree on who to nominate so they split Northern Democrats nominate Stephen Douglas who supported popular sovereignty

23. Southern Democrats nominate John Breckinridge who believed slavery should be allowed in all territories Whigs from border sate supported the Union and named John Bell as their candidate

24. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln- against slavery, supported a protective tariff, wanted to give western land to settler, and constriction of the transcontinental rail road South did not benefit from any of these

25. Lincoln won without winning a southern state

26. Debate over secession in Georgia After Lincolns election, talk of secession (the act of pulling out of the Union) and war Most Georgians were for the Union, but favored state’s rights Governor Joseph Brown called for a legislative session to discuss if a special convention should be held to decided secession

27. Georgians in Leadership Alexander H. Stephens served as a Representative in Congress from Georgia from 1843-1859. During this time he spoke against southern secession. Many opposed his thoughts, but some applauded his pleas for caution After the southern states seceded from the Union Stephens was elected as Vice President of the Confederate States of America (CSA) in 1861.

28. Governor Joseph E. Brown favored secession and used his terms as governor to prepare Georgia for war Robert Toombs and Thomas Cobb also supported immediate secession November 21, 1860 secession convention call, and Georgia voted to leave the Union The Southern states who seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama in February, 1861; they formed the Confederate States of America

29. Standard State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville

30. The War Begins First shots fired on Fort Sumter, S.C. on April 12, 1861 Union General surrenders fort to Confederates after supplies run out

31. Antietam Near the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland Northern and Southern armies battle on September 17, 1862 First invasion of the north, led by Robert E. Lee (Confederate Troops)

32. 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing after the 12 hour battle Bloodiest day of the war North’s George McClellan was victorious

33. The Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 (five days after Antietam), President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Unless the South surrendered by January 1, 1863, “all slaves in states or districts in rebellion against the U.S. will be thenceforth and forever free”

34. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 in Pennsylvania resulted in a Union Victory, and ended Lee’s second invasion of the North 51,000 casualties, deadliest battle of the war Turning point of War Lee’s army retreated back to Virginia

35. Chickamauga Late 1863, Union forces attack railroad center in Chattanooga September 19-20, Union General William Rosecrans led his troops against Confederate General Braxton Bragg Bragg’s army defeated the Union forces and forced the Union Army back into Tennessee

36. Bragg didn’t chase the retreating Union troops and in November 1863, General Grant had arrived with reinforcements and recaptured Chattanooga, forcing Bragg to retreat south to Dalton

37. Union Blockade of Georgia’s Coast Union strategy was to blockade, or obstruct, all Confederate ports This would prevent South from selling cotton, and importing supplies from overseas Blockade runners bring in $200 million

38. 1863, the South had to import everything Difficult to get supplies High prices Not enough medical supplies for civilians or army Rail lines destroyed, what little manufacturing the South had was not functional Life in the wartime South was very difficult

39. Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign After Chickamauga, Grant moves east to battle Lee, leaving 112,000 men in Chattanooga under control of William T. Sherman who began moving towards Atlanta Goal was to take out the railroads and industry

40. Sherman’s troops faced Confederate troops under Joseph E. Johnston on way to Atlanta The two armies battled at Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, Kennesaw mountain, and New Hope Church

41. Shortages forced the Confederates to retreat south, burning bridges and blocking roads to slow Sherman’s progress Confederate President Jefferson Davis did not like Johnson's strategy and replaced him with John Bell Hood

42. Hood attacked Sherman, losing over 11,000 men in two days Battle of Atlanta was July 22, fighting lasted through August September 1, the Union army moved into Atlanta

43. November 15, around 3 o’clock, the set fire to the city The next day while Atlanta burned, Sherman’s troops began their “March to the Sea”

44. Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman’s army moved towards Savannah burning a 60 mile wide path Sherman destroyed military and civilian targets

45. The “March to the Sea” lasted 2 months Estimated damage was $100 million December 22, 1864, Sherman presented President Lincoln the city of Savannah as a Christmas Gift Sherman had cut Lee’s army off from supplies

46. Andersonville Confederate prison for Union soldiers 1864, General Grant stopped exchanging prisoners with South

47. Dirty conditions No shelter Not enough food, water, or medical supplies Crowded During its 15 month life, 13,000 Union prisoners died Andersonville is now a national cemetery where 13,700 are buried

48. The War Ends Lee surrenders on April 1, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse Estimated 750,000 casualties, 250,000 civilian casualties 30% of males 18-40 in South were killed in the war

49. Standard Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan

50. After the war, Lincoln had to find a way to reunite the country This process is knows as reconstruction and had many different parts

51. Freedmen’s Bureau Former slaves faced great hardships In an effort to help struggling freedmen, the U.S. government established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 Purpose was to help both former slaves and poor whites cope with everyday problems by offering them clothing, food, and other necessities

52. The bureau’s focus changed to helping Freedmen adjust to their new circumstances- Freedmen’s Bureau Education Help organized Morehouse College in Augusta, Clark College in Atlanta in 1867

53. Sharecropping After the war farmers need workers for land Former slaves, landless whites needed jobs Landowners provided land, tools, seeds, ect. and the workers agreed to give the owner a share of the harvest.

54. Sharecroppers often did had very little or no money once they paid off debt to the landowner

55. Tenant Farming Similar to sharecropping Tenants usually owned some equipment and animals Bought own seed and fertilizer At the end of the year, tenant would pay a set amount of cash or agreed on crop Usually made a small profit

56. Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s Plan: “Ten-Percent Plan” Goal was to rebuild the South and restore the Union as quickly and easily as possible

57. 2 Steps: All southerners, except for high- ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance to the U.S. When 10% of the voters in each sate had taken the oath of loyalty, the state would be permitted to form a legal government and rejoin the Union

58. Congressional Plan Congress and many northerners thought the South should be punished Lincoln’s assassination forced the Congressional Plan as the official Reconstruction Plan

59. President Johnson appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s provisional governor because he opposed secession

60. Radical Republicans wanted greater punishment for the South South had to approve the 13 th Amendment Nullify their ordinances of secession Promise not to repay the individuals and institutions that helped finance the Confederacy

61. The Civil War Amendments 3 amendments passed and ratified to ensure the rights of former slaves 13 th - Officially abolished slavery Discrimination still an issue Black codes- laws designed to restrict the rights of the freedmen

62. 14 th - granted citizenship to the freedmen and forbade any state from denying anyone the “equal protection of the law” 15 th - granted all male citizens the right to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

63. Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators 1867, African Americans voted for the 1 st time in Georgia 1868, they helped elect a Republican governor, 29 African Americans to the Georgia house of representatives, and 3 African Americans to the State Senate

64. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the men elected, but all were kicked out in September of 1868 on the grounds that they had the right to vote, but not hold political office

65. During Reconstruction, blacks formed the largest group of southern Republicans Political empowerment- the ability to bring about change, many joined the Union League, the freedmen’s political organization

66. The Ku Klux Klan One of several secret organization in Georgia that tried to keep freedmen from voting Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 as a social club for returning soldiers, but changed to a force of terror

67. Members dressed in robes and hoods so no one would recognize them The Ku Klux Klan used intimidation to prevent many African Americans from voting in the election of 1868 Governor Rufus Bullock asked the federal government for help

68. Congress passed the Georgia Act in 1869 which returned Georgia to military control because of the KKK terrorism against freedmen