1. Lesson 4 Innovation Inspired by Nature 교과서 pp. 76~80

2. Copying Nature’s Designs
Lesson. 4
p. 76 L. 1~4
Copying Nature’s Designs
When building the first airplanes, designers studied birds and [how their wings soared in the wind]. The inspiration [for hook-and-loop clothing fasteners] came from the hooks on burrs, the seeds of a special plant. They have tiny hooks on the outside so that they stick to clothes or fur.
분사구문<때>
의문사+주어+동사<간접의문문>
전치사구
~에 달라붙다
so that+주어+동사: ~하기 위하여
그래서 (그 결과) ~하다

3. Lesson. 4
p. 76 L. 4~8,
The idea of looking to nature for design ideas isn’t new. In fact, many inventions have been derived from nature. Now, there is even a new approach [called biomimicry], which specifically focuses on copying things found in nature to solve human problems. Here are four examples of how nature inspired inventions that are already changing society.
Look to (개선방안을 찾기 위해) ~을 생각해보다, 고려해보다
현재완료 수동태
(which is)
과거분사구
주격 관계대명사<계속적 용법>
to부정사의 부사적 용법<목적>
부사 + 동사 + 주어<도치>

4. Lesson. 4
p. 77 C. 1 L. 1~11
Cleaner Surfaces Keeping ships clean is not an easy task. The more time a ship spends at sea, the more the bottom of it becomes covered with a thick and wet growth called fouling. Not only does it cost a lot of money to clean fouling off, but the chemicals [that are used to remove it] can be harmful to the environment. That’s why scientists have been looking for better ways to deal with the problem.
동명사
The + 비교급 …, the + 비교급: ∙∙∙할수록 더 ~하다
not only A but (also) B: A뿐만 아니라 B도
부정어 + do[does/did] + 주어 + 동사<도치>
be used to-v: ~하는 데 사용되다
That’s why + 주어 + 동사: ~가 ∙∙∙하는 이유이다
현재완료 진행형
to부정사의 형용사적 용법

5. Lesson. 4
p. 77 C. 1 L. 12~14, C. 2 L. 1~8
Now, engineering professor Anthony Brennan believes that he has found a solution. He made his discovery / by studying something / that spends all of its time / in the sea: sharks. He noticed that the tiny pattern of a shark’s skin prevents fouling from sticking to its body. Using this knowledge, he created a material [that copies the pattern of a shark’s skin]. He found that 85 percent less fouling collects on surfaces [covered with this material] than on smooth surfaces.
prevent A from v-ing: A가 ~하는 것을 막다
분사구문<부대상황>
주격 관계대명사
과거분사구

6. Lesson. 4
p. 77 C. 2 L. 8~14, p. 78 C. 1 L. 1~5
The benefits don’t stop there! He discovered that bacteria don’t stick to this material, either. Therefore, it can also be used on certain surfaces in hospitals, such as bed rails and tray tables, to help prevent the spread of illnesses. Quieter Rides Bullet trains in Japan can move people from city to city at speeds of almost 300 kilometers per hour. Building vehicles that move this quickly took a lot of thought.
~와 같은
help + (to) 동사원형
이만큼<부사>
주어<동명사구>: 단수 취급

7. Lesson. 4
p. 78 C. 1 L. 6~12, C. 2 L. 1~5
Some of the original models of the bullet train did not run as smoothly. When the high-speed trains went / from the wide open outdoors / into a narrow tunnel, / they created a very loud sound. Engineer Eiji Nakatsu looked to the natural world to find a solution to this problem. He discovered that there is a bird, called a kingfisher, that has the ability to manage sudden changes in air resistance. It must do this / when it dives / from the air into water / at high speeds / to catch fish.
as + 원급 + (as)
to부정사의 부사적 용법<목적>
명사절을 이끄는 접속사
주격 관계대명사
to부정사의 형용사적 용법
dive into: ~으로 뛰어들다
to부정사의 부사적 용법<목적>

8. Lesson. 4
p. 78 C. 2 L. 5~12, p. 79 C. 1 L. 1~3
He studied the shape of a kingfisher’s beak and designed the nose of the bullet train to have a similar build. This turned out to successfully reduce noise and electricity usage. Therefore, thanks to the kingfisher, bullet trains are now able to easily, smoothly, and quietly travel through tunnels. Fresh Water As you know, there is not much water in a desert.
turn out: ~인 것으로 밝혀지다
~덕분에

9. Lesson. 4
p. 79 C. 1 L. 3~12, C. 2 L. 1~3
Many plants and animals, which cannot survive without water, have had to creatively adapt to living in such dry areas. The Namibian beetle is one example of such a creature. It lives in the Namib Desert of Africa—one of the driest deserts in the world. To get the drinking water it needs, the Namibian beetle has developed an amazing system of collecting water from fog. The top of the beetle’s shell is covered with bumps that attract drops of water from the morning fog, which then roll down the wax-covered sides and straight into its mouth.
주격 관계대명사<계속적 용법>
adapt to + (동)명사: ~에 적응하다
one of the + 최상급 + 복수명사: 가장 ∙∙∙한 ~중의 하나
to부정사의 부사적 용법<목적>
~로 덮여 있다
흘러 떨어지다

10. Lesson. 4
p. 79 C. 2 L. 4~12
Inspired by this creative method of water collection, scientists have developed a type of surface that copies the features of the beetle’s back. This surface could help supply poor people [living in dry regions] with clean drinking water. It may also provide an environmentally friendly water source for cities, by collecting water on the roofs of buildings.
(Being)
분사구문
현재 완료
help + (to) 동사원형
현재분사구
by + v-ing: ~함으로써

11. Lesson. 4
p. 80 C. 1 L. 1~11
Efficient Housing When asked to build low-cost public housing, a team of Slovenian designers turned to nature for inspiration. Bees are some of nature’s best builders. Therefore, the designers decided / to use the honeycomb shape of beehives / for the cheap and efficient housing construction. Using this, / the Slovenian designers / created welcoming, brightly colored structures / with eco-friendly balconies.
(they were)
현재분사
과거분사

12. Lesson. 4
p. 80 C. 1 L. 11~12, C. 2 L. 1~12
The balconies [copying the honeycomb shape] were built with a covering outside and small holes in their walls. The covering protects the apartments from the summer sun, and the holes let the heat inside escape. In turn, it provides additional heating to the apartments in winter by keeping warm air inside. This helps regulate the temperature in the apartments all year round. In addition, the covered balconies’ smart design provides privacy from neighbors. Everyone can privately enjoy the sweet comfort of their honeycomb homes!
현재분사구
let + 목적어 + 동사원형: ∙∙∙가 ~하게 하다
provide A to B: B에게 A를 제공하다
help + (to) 동사원형
일 년 내내
게다가 주어 동사

13. Lesson. 4
p. 80 C. 2 L. 13~21
In a modern world that often values technology over nature, it’s interesting [that some of the most creative design ideas were taken from the natural world]. Biomimicry is a major change in thinking; it’s based on the idea that nature is not just a resource, but also a model and mentor. This may be the key to solving more challenges facing today’s world.
가주어
진주어
<동격>
key to + (동)명사: ~의 열쇠

14. High School English Reading and Writing
Thank You!