1. Motivation Module 10

2. Introduction to Motivation Module 10: Motivation

3. *Motivation A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

4. Motivation Play “What is Motivation?” (4:09) Segment #18 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

5. Historic Explanations: Instincts Module 10: Motivation

6. *Instinct A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species William James listed 37 instincts. Difficulty using instincts to both label and explain behaviors

7. Historic Explanations: Drives Module 10: Motivation

8. *Drives Aroused tension states created by imbalances Prompt an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive Part of drive-reduction theory

9. *Drive-Reduction Theory The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Eating and drinking are examples of drive-reducing behaviors.

10. Drive-Reduction Theory

13. Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories Module 10: Motivation

14. *Arousal Levels of alertness and responsiveness

15. *Yerkes-Dodson Law The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a point Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task. Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain.

16. Yerkes-Dodson Law

17. Biological Explanations: Homeostasis Module 10: Motivation

18. *Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

19. Homeostatic Regulation

28. Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Module 10: Motivation

29. *Extrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

30. *Intrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

31. Clinical Explanations: Hierarchy of Needs Module 10: Motivation

32. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

33. *Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher level safety needs become active. Continually higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

34. Self-Actualization According to Maslow, the need to realize our full and unique potential

35. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

39. *Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

40. Clinical Explanations: Achievement Module 10: Motivation

41. *Henry Murray (1893-1988) Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of achievement motivation and developed important personality testing tools

42. *Achievement Motivation A desire for significant accomplishment A desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas A desire for attaining a high standard

43. Achievement Motivation Play “Self-Efficacy” (5:00) Segment #19 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

44. Handout 10-4 Scoring Give yourself 1 point for each of the following if you circled them. – 1A, 2A, 3A, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7A, 8A, 9B, 10B, 11A 12A, 13B Very Low 1-3 Low 4-5 Avg. 6-9 High 10-11 Very high 12-13

45. Handout 10-5 Scoring For Intrinsic Motivation Reverse scores for #’s 9 and 14 Add the numbers for your responses for the following: 3,5,7,8,9,11,13,14,17,20,23,26,27, 28,30 For Extrinsic Motivation Reverse scores for #’s 1,16,22 Then add numbers for following: 1,2,4,6,10,12,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,29

46. 10-5 Mean scores for males and females of college age are: – 45 Intrinsic – 39 Extrinsic

47. 10-6 Worksheet Scoring First: Reverse scores for #’s 7 and 9 Next: Add scores for each subscale Mean Scores for College Age students: – Work: 19.8 m 20.3 f – Mastery: 19.3 m 18 f – Competitiveness: 13.6 m 12.2 f

48. 10-6 Research has shown that people who are oriented toward Mastery and Work achieve more. Effect of Competitiveness depends on degree of w/m orientation. Among the people who intrinsically DON’T enjoy mastery and hard work, the highly competitive achieve more. If people DO enjoy mastery and hard work, less competitive people achieve more.

49. Needs Assessment 10-12 Each subscale reflects your level of need, scores will be 5-25. Higher scores mean a stronger need for this. Items 1,5,9,13,17 – need for achievement 2,6,10,14,18 – need for affiliation 3,7,11,15,19 – need for autonomy 4,8,12,16,20 – need for dominance (power)

50. Hunger: A Closer Look Module 10: Motivation

51. Hunger: A Closer Look Physiology of Hunger Module 10: Motivation

52. Glucose Form of sugar which circulates through the body One feels hunger when the levels become low.

53. Insulin Hormone which allows the body to use glucose for energy or fat production As insulin levels increase, glucose levels decrease.

54. Leptin Protein produced by bloated fat cells Send a message to “stop eating”

55. Orexin Hunger-triggering hormone Produced by the hypothalamus As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungry

56. Hypothalamus Regulates appetite Monitors leptin levels

57. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) The body’s resting rate at which we burn calories for energy

58. Set Point The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight.

59. Hunger: A Closer Look Environment and Hunger Module 10: Motivation

60. External Incentives Include the sight, sound, and smell of food

61. Cultural Influences on Eating Cultural views on obesity can vary Culture influences the foods we like and dislike.

62. Hunger: A Closer Look Eating Disorders Module 10: Motivation

63. Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder in which normal weight people have a distorted self- perception of being “fat” Usually in adolescent females

64. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexics put themselves on self- starvation regimens May become dangerously underweight (15% of more below normal)

65. Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating Usually overeat high calorie foods Overeating is followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

66. The End

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