1. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Chapter 2

2. Functional Groups Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules

3. Classification of functional groups Carbon-carbon Carbon-heteroatom Bond order (single, double, triple, resonance) C-C: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne C-O,N,S,Hal: Ether, Ester, Amine, Nitro, Halo …. Etc.

4. Examples of functional groups Chemical class GroupFormula Structural Formula PrefixSuffixExample AlkaneAlkylRHalkyl--ane Ethane AlkeneAlkenylR 2 C=CR 2 alkenyl--eneEthylene Ethylene (Ethene) AlkyneAlkynylRC≡CR'alkynyl--yneAcetylene Acetylene (Ethyne) Benzene derivative Phenyl RC 6 H 5 RPh phenyl--benzene Cumene Cumene (2-phenylpr opane) Toluene derivative Benzyl RCH 2 C 6 H 5 RBn benzyl- 1-(substitue nt)toluene Benzyl bromide bromide (1-Bromotol uene)

5. Alkanes and Alkynes Definition: C-C bond (sp 3 -sp 3 ) Saturated: All possible valence – occupied by proton Straight vs branched Isomers: Same number of specific bond with different connectivity Primary/Secondary/Tertiary/Quaternary

6. Nomenclature of Alkanes General construction: Prefix-Parent-Suffix (position - # of carbon – family)

7. General prefix to give # of C 1Meth-8Oct- 2Eth-9Non- 3Prop-10Dec- 4But-11Undec- 5Pent-12Dodec 6Hex-13Tridec- 7Hept-14Tetradec-

8. General steps for nomenclature 1.Find the longest chain / higher number of branching. 2.Numbering the longest chain, beginning at the end nearer the first branch 3.Identify/number the substituents 4.Write the name as a single word (alphabetical arrangement)

9. Conformations of alkane Conformation: Different arrangement of atoms, from rotation around a single bond Sawhorse Newman

10. Eclipsed and StaggeredEclipsed and Staggered Conformations of alkane

11. General rules in structure drawing Carbon atoms usually aren’t shown Hydrogen, attached to carbon usually not shown All atoms, other than C and H shown

12. Cycloalkane Definition: C-C bond to form ring cis-/trans- isomer: same/opposite side

13. Chair/Boat conformation

14. Axial and Equatorial