1. Nutritional Food and Energy Metabolism in Animals Nur Zulaikha Binti Mat Zawawi D11A028

2. Metabolism all the chemical and physical processes that take place in the body

3. Metabolism anabolism - metabolism that builds tissue catabolism - metabolism that breaks down materials

4. Nutrients water protein carbohydrates fats or lipids vitamins minerals

5. Water provides basis for all of the fluid of the animals body bloodstream requires liquid for circulation digestion requires moisture for breakdown of nutrients and movement of feed

6. Water needed to produce milk helps body to maintain constant temperature flushes the animal’s body of waste and toxic materials animals generally need about three pounds of water for every pound of solid feed they consume

7. Protein largest and most costly part of the ration composed of amino acids Amino Acids –building blocks of life –tissue development –muscle production

8. Protein enzymes are composed of protein protein can be used to supply energy In monogastric animals such as chickens, several specific amino acids called essential amino acids must be present in the diet.

9. Protein Ruminant animals such as cattle do not have the same requirement of essential amino acids in the diet as the fermentation process in the rumen provides these to the animal. High protein feeds are usually those which are called 'meals' and include by-products from the manufacture of other products

10. Protein Eg: sunflower meal, meat meal, cottonseed meal.. High protein feed are usually quite expensive and should not be provided to excess in a diet. High producing animals need more protein in their diet than lower producing animals

11. Carbohydrates main source of energy composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen include sugars, starches and cellulose

12. Carbohydrates almost all come from plants generally found in grain,wheat,oats,barley

13. Carbohydrates types of sugars monosaccharides-simple sugars –Glucose, Fructose(found in fruit), galactose(found in milk) disaccharides - complex sugars –Sucrose(table sugar is comprised of glucose and fructose molecules), lactose(milk sugar is made up of glucose and galactose molecules)

14. Fats group of organic compounds known as lipids found in plants and animals provide and store energy essential fatty acids: necessary for production of some hormones and hormone like substances

15. Minerals inorganic have role in providing structural support for the animal bones (calcium and phosphorous) egg shells (calcium) other essential needs provided by minerals

16. Minerals aid in construction of muscles, blood cells, internal organs and enzymes usually added to feed in their chemical form often fed free choice salt block

17. Vitamins considered micronutrients essential for the development of normal body processes provides animal with ability to fight stress, disease, and to maintain good health

18. Ruminant system multicompartment stomach ruminant animals are often called “cud chewers” no upper front teeth in ruminant mouth

19. Ruminant system no enzymes in the saliva examples of ruminant animals: cows, sheep, goats Ruminant animals cannot tolerate too much grain in a diet, as a condition called grain poisoning or acidosis can occur. The provision of high energy for ruminants must take this into account.grain poisoning

21. Reticulum traps dangerous objects and prevents them from proceeding through the rest of the tract. Called hardware disease: cow eats wire, nails, staples stores, sorts, and moves feed back to the esophagus for regurgitation (throwing up)

22. Rumen functions as a storage vat food is soaked, mixed, and fermented some absorption of nutrients some breakdown of feed through microbial action

23. Omasum grinds roughage Abomasum only true stomach functions similarly to a monogastric stomach

24. Animal needs energy in its diet Maintenance: to provide energy for basic body functions such as digestion and blood circulation. Production: to allow the production of meat, milk eggs etc. Growth: to give energy for the growth of bone and muscle.

25. Reproduction: to provide energy for the growth of a calf, lamb or the production of eggs. Activity: for muscle movement as the animal walks and moves.

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