2. How animals obtain nutrition

3.  Mouth – takes in food  Esophagus – transports food from mouth to stomach(s)  Stomach  Crop – stores food  Gizzard – grinds food  Intestine – absorbs nutrients  Rectum/anus – expels waste

4.  Ingest soil, remove nutrients http://www.ncsu.edu/scivis/lessons/earthworm/Overview.html

5.  Eat other fish (and their eggs), insect larva, worms, shrimp, plankton, algae…

6.  Eat snails, insects, worms

7.  Eat small invertebrates, mammals, amphibians, other reptiles, and plants

8.  Eat seeds, nectar, fruit, insects, worms, fish

9.  Herbivores  Carnivores  Omnivores

10. How animals make offspring

11.  Asexual – a genetically identical copy is made from one parent; NO VARIATION!

12.  Sexual – fusion of gametes (ex. sperm and egg); combination of genetic material from two parents  Children are similar to but different from each other and parents  VARIATION!!!

13.  Hermaphrodites  Can fertilize each other

14.  Male and female  Internal fertilization  2 kinds of life cycles  Incomplete metamorphosis (gradual growth) ▪ Egg-nymph-adult  Complete metamorphosis (juvenile goes into dormant stage, then changes to adult) ▪ Egg-larva-pupa-adult

15.  Females lay unfertilized eggs (“spawning”)  Males deposit sperm on top of eggs  “external fertilization”

16.  Male sits on top of female until she lays unfertilized eggs (“amplexus”)  External fertilization  Many different mating calls

17.  Internal fertilization (male puts sperm inside female’s body)  Hard-shelled (“amniotic”) egg is laid  External development – babies develop outside female’s body

18.  Internal fertilization, external development  Many different courtship dances  High level of parental care

19.  Internal fertilization, internal development (most)  3 kinds of mammals:  Placental ▪ Develops fully in womb, nourished by placenta  Marsupial ▪ Partially develops in womb, then in pouch  Monotremes ▪ Lay eggs http://australianscreen.com.au/titles/echidna- survivor/clip3/